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https://github.com/mfarhadattari/c-programming-intro
https://github.com/mfarhadattari/c-programming-intro
Last synced: 30 days ago
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- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/mfarhadattari/c-programming-intro
- Owner: mfarhadattari
- Created: 2023-09-01T16:01:47.000Z (over 1 year ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2023-09-02T05:37:10.000Z (over 1 year ago)
- Last Synced: 2023-09-02T15:16:20.826Z (over 1 year ago)
- Language: C
- Size: 114 KB
- Stars: 0
- Watchers: 1
- Forks: 0
- Open Issues: 0
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: readme.md
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README
# Introduction of C Programming
### C is middle level programming language which can directly control hardware or system. It's a compiled language.
## Basic C Program:
```c
// header file
#include
// main programmer function
void main()
{
// function block all statement here
printf("Hello World!");
}
```
## Output:
- In C there is a built in function to see output in console: printf()
```c
#include
void main()
{
printf("Hello World!");
}
```
## Comment:
- Single Line:
```c
#include
void main()
{
// this is single line comment
}
```
- Multiline Line:
```c
#include
void main()
{
/* This is Multiline Comment
This is Multiline Comment
This is Multiline Comment */
}
```
## DataTypes:
### Datatype- how kind of data are used in program
### Format Specifier- Specify the data type
- char: character - %c
- int: integer number - %d
- float: float number (decimal number of 4 byte) - %f
- double: double (decimal number of 8 byte) - lf
- boolean: boolean {1 (true) or 0 (false)}
- void: nothing
## variable:
### Variable means name of memory address where data is stored.
- Structure of declaring variable and assigning
```c
// single line (declare and assign)
datatype variableName = value;
// multiline (fist assign and then declare)
datatype variableName ;
variableName = value ;
// same datatype multi variable (assign all in first line then assign one one)
datatype variable1, variable2, variable3;
```
- Single Line Variable declare and assign
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age = 10;
printf("The age is %d", age);
}
```
- Multiline Variable declare and assign
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
age = 10;
printf("The age is %d", age);
}
```
- same datatype multi variable (assign all in first line then assign one one)
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age, year;
age = 10;
year = 2023;
printf("The age is %d \n", age); // here \n is used for take a line break
printf("The year is %d", year);
}
```
## Input in C:
- scanf() function is used to take input from console
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
printf("What is your age?: ");
scanf("%d", &age); // here & used to indicate memory location of age
printf("Your age is %d", age);
}
```
## Operators:
- Arithmetic Operators:
- Assignment Operators
- Relational or Compositional Operators
- Logical Operators
### Arithmetic Operators:
```
- Addition : +
- Subtract: -
- Multiplication: *
- Divide: /
- Modulus: %
- Increase by One: ++
- decrease by one: --
```
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num1, num2;
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
// Addition
int addition = num1 + num2;
printf("Addition: %d \n", addition);
// Subtraction
int deference = num1 - num2;
printf("Subtraction: %d \n", deference);
// Multiplication
int multiplication = num1 * num2;
printf("Multiplication: %d \n", multiplication);
// Division
int division = num1 / num2;
printf("Division: %d \n", division);
// Modulus
int modulus = num1 % num2;
printf("Modulus: %d \n", modulus);
// increase by one
num1++;
// decrease by one
num2--;
printf("%d %d", num1, num2);
}
```
### Assignment Operators:
```
- Assign : =
- Assign and Addition: +=
- Assign and Subtraction: -=
- Assign and Multiplication: *=
- Assign and Division: /=
- Assign and Modulus: %=
```
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num;
// assign
num = 5;
printf("%d \n", num);
// assign and addition
num += 5; // ==> num = num + 5;
printf("%d \n", num);
// assign and subtraction
num -= 5; // ==> num = num - 5;
printf("%d \n", num);
// assign and multiplication
num *= 2; // ==> num = num * 2;
printf("%d \n", num);
// assign and division
num /= 2; // ==> num = num / 2;
printf("%d \n", num);
// assign and modulus
num %= 2; // ==> num = num % 2;
printf("%d \n", num);
}
```
### Relational Operators:
```
- Equal : ==
- Not Equal : !=
- Grater then: >
- Grater then or equal: >=
- Less than: <
- Less than or equal: <=
```
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num1, num2;
num1 = 10;
num2 = 13;
// equal
printf("%d \n", num1 == num2);
// not equal
printf("%d \n", num1 != num2);
// grater then
printf("%d \n", num1 > num2);
// grater then or equal
printf("%d \n", num1 >= num2);
// less then
printf("%d \n", num1 < num2);
// les then or equal
printf("%d \n", num1 <= num2);
}
```
### Logical Operators:
```
- Logical AND : &&
- Logical OR : ||
- Logical NOT: !
```
```c
#include
#include
void main()
{
bool isAdult, isMarried;
isAdult = true;
isMarried = false;
// logical AND Operator
printf("%d \n", isAdult && isMarried);
// logical OR operator
printf("%d \n", isAdult || isMarried);
// logical NOT operator
printf("%d \n", !isAdult);
}
```
## Conditions (if-else):
- if statement => single condition - result only condition true
- if-else statement => single condition - result for condition true and false
- else if statement => multiple conditions - result for condition true and false
### if statement
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age >= 18)
{
printf("You are adult!");
}
}
```
### if-else statement
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age >= 18)
{
printf("You are adult!");
}
else
{
printf("You are Child!");
};
}
```
### else if statement
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age < 18)
{
printf("You are Child!");
}
else if (age >= 18 && age <= 35)
{
printf("You are Youth!");
}
else
{
printf("You are Oldest!");
};
}
```
## Condition (Switch Statement):
```c
#include
void main()
{
int day;
printf("Today? ");
scanf("%d", &day);
switch (day)
{
case 1:
printf("Saturday");
break;
case 2:
printf("Sunday");
break;
case 3:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 4:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 7:
printf("Friday");
break;
}
}
```
## Condition (Ternary Operator):
```c
#include
void main()
{
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
// true and false
age >= 18 ? printf("You are adult!") : printf("You are baby!");
// only true
age == 33 && printf("\nLast year of your govt job!");
}
```
## Loop:
- while loop
- do-while loop
- for loop
### while Loop
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num;
num = 0;
while (num <= 100)
{
printf("%d \n", num);
num++;
};
}
```
### do-while loop:
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num;
num = 0;
do
{
printf("%d \n", num);
num++;
} while (num < 10);
}
```
### for loop:
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num, sum, n;
sum = 0;
printf("n = ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (num = 1; num <= n; num++)
{
sum += num;
};
printf("Sum: %d", sum);
}
```
### break and continue
```c
#include
void main()
{
int num;
for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++)
{
// stop lopping if condition matched
if (num == 7)
{
break; // stop lopping and go outside of loop
}
// skip this iteration if condition matched
else if (num == 5)
{
continue; // skip this iteration and go with next
}
printf("%d \n", num);
};
}
```
## Function:
### There are two kind of function:
- built-in or library function
- user defined function
### 3 step of function:
- function declaration :
```
returnType functionName()
```
- function definition:
```
returnType functionName()
{
// function statement here
}
```
- function calling:
```
functionName()
```
### Simple Function:
```c
#include
// function declaration
void hello();
// function definition
void hello()
{
printf("Hello world!");
}
void main()
{
// function calling
hello();
}
```
### Return statement:
```c
#include
// function declaration
int sum();
void main()
{
int result;
// function calling
result = sum();
printf("%d", result);
}
// function definition
int sum()
{
int num, sum, n;
sum = 0;
printf("n = ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (num = 1; num <= n; num++)
{
sum += num;
};
// return statement
return sum;
}
```
### Parameter Function:
```c
#include
// function declaration
int sum(int num1, int num2);
void main()
{
int result;
// function calling
result = sum(10, 15);
printf("%d", result);
}
// function definition
int sum(int num1, int num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
```
## Array:
### Array Declaration (Simple Array):
```c
#include
void main()
{
// dataType arrayName[length] = {arrayElements}
int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
// dataType arrayName[] = {arrayElements}
char characters[] = {'A', 'B', 'C'};
}
```
### Array Indexing
- Array index start from 0, and last index is (length-1). we can access array element using index number. We can also assign or reassign array element using index number.
```
arrayName[indexNumber]
```
```c
#include
void main()
{
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
// get value.
printf("%d \n", numbers[2]);
// assign value
numbers[4] = 5;
printf("%d \n", numbers[4]);
// reassign value
numbers[1] = 10;
printf("%d \n", numbers[1]);
}
```
### Array Sizing and length - sizeof():
```c
#include
void main()
{
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
// each element size
int eachSize = sizeof(numbers[0]);
printf("Each element size: %d \n", eachSize);
// full array size
int arraySize = sizeof(numbers);
printf("Array Size: %d \n", arraySize);
// calculate array length
int length = arraySize / eachSize;
printf("Array length: %d ", length);
}
```
### Loop in array:
- for loop:
```c
#include
void main()
{
int length, i;
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
// calculation length
length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
printf("%d \n", numbers[i]);
}
}
```
- while loop:
```c
#include
void main()
{
int length, sum, i;
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
// calculation length
length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
i = 0;
sum = 0;
while (i < length)
{
sum += numbers[length];
i++;
}
printf("Sum: %d ", sum);
}
```