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https://github.com/micropython-IMU/micropython-mpu9x50

Drivers for InvenSense inertial measurement units MPU9250, MPU9150, MPU6050
https://github.com/micropython-IMU/micropython-mpu9x50

accelerometer driver magnetometer micropython mpu9150 mpu9250 sensor

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Drivers for InvenSense inertial measurement units MPU9250, MPU9150, MPU6050

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README 

        
As of now, this repo holds:

* vector3d - a vector class for IMU devices

* imu - a base class for MPU9x50 devices. Supports the MPU6050.

* mpu9150 - a class for the MPU9150

* mpu9250 - a class for the MPU9250



vector3d will eventually be spun out to serve as common starting point for other

imu-device drivers.  

Documentation for the MPU9150/MPU6050 can be found [here](./README_MPU9150.md).



# Module mpu9250



mpu9250 is a micropython module for the InvenSense MPU9250 sensor.

It measures acceleration, turn rate and the magnetic field in three axes.  

Breakout board: [Drotek](https://store.drotek.com/imu-10dof-mpu9250-ms5611),

[Sparkfun](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13762)  



The MPU9250 has a number of advantages over the MPU9150 (which has manufacturing status

"not recommended for new designs"). The magnetometer is capable of continuous operation,

updating at 100Hz. It supports separate filters for accelerometer and gyro. And the

breakout board is cheaper. It also supports SPI however this driver assumes an I2C connection.



# Introduction



The MPU9250 is a dual chip module, with the magnetometer provided by an AsahaiKASEI AK8963 chip.

In consequence the coordinate system of the magnetometer is not aligned with that

of the other components. This driver corrects this so that the axes of each instrument

correspond with those of the accelerometer.



Since the driver is likely to be used with the [sensor fusion module](https://github.com/micropython-IMU/micropython-fusion.git)

the orientation of the sensor relative to the vehicle is significant. The Madgwick algorithm assumes

x is orientated towards the front of the vehicle, y is left-right, and z is down. To accommodate

cases where the sensor is mounted orthogonally to this orientation, support is provided for inverting and

transposing axes. The driver returns vehicle-relative coordinates.



### Wiring the sensor to the pyboard



The MPU9250 chip does not support 5V operation however the Drotek board has a voltage regulator so

can be powered from 3.3V or 5V.



| pyboard| mpu9250 |

|:------:|:-------:|

| VIN    | 3V3     |

| GND    | GND     |

| SCL    | SCL     |

| SDA    | SDA     |



### Quickstart



Example assuming an MPU9250 connected to 'X' I2C interface on the Pyboard:

```python

from mpu9250 import MPU9250

imu = MPU9250('X')

print(imu.accel.xyz)

print(imu.gyro.xyz)

print(imu.mag.xyz)

print(imu.temperature)

print(imu.accel.z)

```



# Modules



To employ the driver it is only necessary to import the mpu9250 module and to use the ``MPU9250`` class.



### mpu9250



``MPU9250``  

Class for the MPU9250 sensor.  

``MPUException``  

This will be raised in the event of an I2C error. It is derived from the Python ``OSError``.



### imu



``InvenSenseMPU``  

Base class for InvenSense inertial measurement units.



### vector3d



``Vector3d``  

Class for a 3D vector. This is documented [here](./vector3d.md).



# MPU9250 Class



The class has various properties returning Vector3d instances. The principal properties

of the Vector3d are ``x``, ``y`` and ``z`` returning the vector's components and ``xyz`` which returns

a 3-tuple of the components (x, y, z). It also supports calibration and conversion to vehicle

relative coordinates.



## Methods



``MPU9250()`` The constructor supports the following arguments  

  1. side_str 'X' or 'Y' (mandatory) defines the I2C interface in use. Alternatively an initialised

I2C object may be passed.

  2. device_addr 0 or 1 (optional) Two devices may be used with addresses determined by the voltage

on the AD0 pin. If only one device is used, this argument may be None when the device

will be automatically detected.

  3. transposition (optional) Enables axes to be transposed (see below).

  4. scaling  (optional) Enables axes to be inverted (see below).



The defaults for transposition and scaling will cause the driver to return sensor-relative results.



`` wake()``  

wakes the device  



``sleep()``  

sets the device to sleep mode  



``get_accel_irq()``  

``get_gyro_irq()``  

``get_mag_irq()``  

These methods are somewhat experimental. They are capable of being called from within an

interrupt callback and update the integer properties only of the relevant Vector3D object.

Currently writing nontrivial MicroPython interrupt callbacks is something of a black art

as it can be unclear when the heap is likely to be invoked causing an exception.



## Principal Properties



``sensors``  

Returns three Vector3d objects, accelerometer, gyro and magnetometer.



``accel_range`` integer 0 to 3 read/write  

Returns or sets the current accelerometer range: this determines the accelerometer full scale

range as per the table below. Note that the x, y, z values from the driver are scaled to units

of g regardless of the range selected. Range affects only the full scale capability and resolution.



| Range | Value (+-g) |

|:-----:|:-----------:|

|   0   |    2        |

|   1   |    4        |

|   2   |    8        |

|   3   |   16        |



``gyro_range`` integer 0 to 3 read/write  

Determines the gyro full scale range as per the table below. Note that the x, y, z

values from the driver are scaled to units of degs/s regardless of the range selected.

Range affects only the full scale capability and resolution.



| Range | Value +- degs/sec |

|:-----:|:-----------------:|

|   0   |       250         |

|   1   |       500         |

|   2   |      1000         |

|   3   |      2000         |



``temperature`` float read only  

Returns the chip temperature in degrees celcius



``accel`` Vector3d instance read only  

Returns the ``Vector3d`` holding the current accelerometer data. Units are g.



``gyro`` Vector3d instance read only  

Returns the ``Vector3d`` holding the current gyro data. Units degrees/s.



``mag``  Vector3d instance read only  

Returns the ``Vector3d`` holding the current magnetometer data. As configured by this

driver the MPU9250 reads the magnetometer at 10mS intervals. Units are uT (microtesla).



Accessing a Vector3d instance x, y, z or xyz properties will cause the device to be

read and will return the latest data. In the case of the magnetometer, if it is accessed,

and then accessed again within 10mS and before the unit has had a chance to update,

the old data will be returned and a counter ``MPU9250.mag_stale_count`` will be

incremented. The counter will be cleared the first time fresh data is acquired and read.



In the event that the most recent data read by the magnetometer is in error the Vector3d

instance will return the most recent valid data and increment ``mag_stale_count``.

A high value of ``mag_stale_count`` (or any nonzero value if the read rate is below 100Hz)

suggests an error condition.



``mag_stale_count`` integer read only  

As described above: a count of the number of consecutive times in the curent sequence

of reads that the driver has returned out-of-date values.



``accel_filter_range`` integer 0 to 7 read/write  

The digital low pass filter enables the effect of vibration to be reduced in the

accelerometer readings. The following table gives the approximate bandwidth

and delay for the filter.



| value | bw(Hz) | Delay(mS) |

|:-----:|:------:|:---------:|

|  0    |  460   |    1.94   |

|  1    |  184   |    5.8    |

|  2    |   92   |    7.8    |

|  3    |   41   |   11.8    |

|  4    |   20   |   19.8    |

|  5    |   10   |   35.7    |

|  6    |    5   |   66.96   |

|  7    |  460   |    1.94   |



Note: in my testing option 7 produced garbage.



``gyro_filter_range`` integer 0 to 7 read/write  



The digital low pass filter enables the effect of vibration to be reduced in the

gyro readings. The following table gives the approximate bandwidth and delay for the filter.



| value | bw(Hz) | Delay(mS) |

|:-----:|:------:|:---------:|

|  0    |  250   |    0.97   |

|  1    |  184   |    2.9    |

|  2    |   92   |    3.9    |

|  3    |   41   |    5.9    |

|  4    |   20   |    9.9    |

|  5    |   10   |   17.85   |

|  6    |    5   |   33.48   |

|  7    | 3600   |    0.17   |



See "Other MPU9250 properties" below.



#### Use in interrupt callbacks



MicroPython interrupt callbacks prohibit the use of the heap, which rules out a number of

standard Python techniques including exception handling and the use of floating point.

Currently it is not always evident whether code will use the heap, so any use of these

techniques should be considered experimental. The following MPU9250 methods provide access

to the device where this must be performed in a callback.



``get_accel_irq()``  

``get_gyro_irq()``  

``get_mag_irq()``  

These methods read the device and update the integer values of the Vector3D objects only.

These values hold unscaled values direct from the device so coordinates are device

relative and no calibration, correction or scaling is applied.



Note that the scaling factors of the accelerometer and gyro depend only on the range

selected, hence these can be hard coded in the callback. To get the most accurate readings

from the magnetometer the factory-set corrections should be applied. These are in

the property ``mag_correction`` but being floating point values cannot be used in a callback.

Options (depending on application) are to apply them outside the callback, or convert

them to scaled integers in initialisation code.



See tests/irqtest.py for example code.



## Other MPU9250 properties



``passthrough`` Boolean read/write  

sets passthrough mode. It is activated (True) by default. This needs to be activated

to enable the magnetometer interface to be linked to the SDA, SCL pads.



``sample_rate`` 8 bit integer read/write  

Determines the update rate of the sensor registers. Values should be in range 0 to 255.

The update rate is given by rate = Internal_Sample_Rate / (1 + sample_rate). It is not

clear, given the subset of functionality supported by this driver, why you might want

to change this from the zero default.



``mag_correction`` float 3-tuple  

Holds factory-set magnetometer correction values.



``chip_id``  

The ID of chip (113) is hardcoded on the sensor. Reading this property will test the

communications with the IMU by reading this value which is returned to the user. A

ValueError will be raised if the value is incorrect.



``mpu_addr``  

I2C adress of the accelerometer and the gyroscope.



``mag_addr``  

I2C adress of the magnetometer.



``timeout``  

Timeout for I2C operations.



# Exception handling



Incorrect values such as

```python

imu = MPU9250('Z')

```

will raise a ValueError with a meaningful error message.  

When any communication with the IMU takes place it is possible for the I2C bus to lock up.

This is normally a consequence of hardware failure such as the device being connected incorrectly

or leads being too long. In this instance a custom MPUException will be raised with a

dscriptive message. This is derived from Python's OSError: the user may trap either in the hope

of continuing operation. In my experience this seldom works: if the I2C bus locks up a

power cycle is required to clear it.



# Demo of calibration



```python

>>> from  mpu9250 import MPU9250

>>> a = MPU9250('x')

>>> a.mag.cal

(0, 0, 0)

>>> import pyb

>>> sw = pyb.Switch()

>>> a.mag.calibrate(sw) # User rotates unit about each axis then presses the Pyboard switch

>>> a.mag.cal

(35.30567, 18.92022, -9.428905)

>>>

```