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https://github.com/nicodv/kmodes

Python implementations of the k-modes and k-prototypes clustering algorithms, for clustering categorical data
https://github.com/nicodv/kmodes

clustering-algorithm k-modes k-prototypes python scikit-learn

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Python implementations of the k-modes and k-prototypes clustering algorithms, for clustering categorical data

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kmodes

======



Description

-----------



Python implementations of the k-modes and k-prototypes clustering

algorithms. Relies on numpy for a lot of the heavy lifting.



k-modes is used for clustering categorical variables. It defines clusters

based on the number of matching categories between data points. (This is

in contrast to the more well-known k-means algorithm, which clusters

numerical data based on Euclidean distance.) The k-prototypes algorithm

combines k-modes and k-means and is able to cluster mixed numerical /

categorical data.



Implemented are:



- k-modes [HUANG97]_ [HUANG98]_

- k-modes with initialization based on density [CAO09]_

- k-prototypes [HUANG97]_



The code is modeled after the clustering algorithms in :code:`scikit-learn`

and has the same familiar interface.



I would love to have more people play around with this and give me

feedback on my implementation. If you come across any issues in running or

installing kmodes,

`please submit a bug report `_.



Enjoy!



Installation

------------



`kmodes` can be installed using `pip`:



.. code:: bash



    pip install kmodes



To upgrade to the latest version (recommended), run it like this:



.. code:: bash



    pip install --upgrade kmodes



`kmodes` can also conveniently be installed with `conda` from the `conda-forge` channel:



.. code:: bash



    conda install -c conda-forge kmodes



Alternatively, you can build the latest development version from source:



.. code:: bash



    git clone https://github.com/nicodv/kmodes.git

    cd kmodes

    python setup.py install



Usage

-----

.. code:: python



    import numpy as np

    from kmodes.kmodes import KModes



    # random categorical data

    data = np.random.choice(20, (100, 10))



    km = KModes(n_clusters=4, init='Huang', n_init=5, verbose=1)



    clusters = km.fit_predict(data)



    # Print the cluster centroids

    print(km.cluster_centroids_)



The examples directory showcases simple use cases of both k-modes

('soybean.py') and k-prototypes ('stocks.py').



Parallel execution

------------------



The k-modes and k-prototypes implementations both offer support for

multiprocessing via the 

`joblib library `_,

similar to e.g. scikit-learn's implementation of k-means, using the

:code:`n_jobs` parameter. It generally does not make sense to set more jobs

than there are processor cores available on your system.



This potentially speeds up any execution with more than one initialization try,

:code:`n_init > 1`, which may be helpful to reduce the execution time for

larger problems. Note that it depends on your problem whether multiprocessing

actually helps, so be sure to try that out first. You can check out the

examples for some benchmarks.



FAQ

---



**Q: I'm seeing errors such as "TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'float'"

when using the kprototypes algorithm.**



A: One or more of your numerical feature columns have string values in them. Make sure that all 

columns have consistent data types.



----



**Q: How does k-protypes know which of my features are numerical and which are categorical?**



A: You tell it which column indices are categorical using the :code:`categorical` argument. All others are assumed numerical. E.g., :code:`clusters = KPrototypes().fit_predict(X, categorical=[1, 2])`



----



**Q: I'm getting the following error, what gives? "ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'kmodes.kmodes'; 'kmodes' is not a package".**



A: Make sure your working file is not called 'kmodes.py', because it might overrule the :code:`kmodes` package.



----



**Q: I'm getting the following error: "ValueError: Clustering algorithm could not initialize. Consider assigning the initial clusters manually."**



A: This is a feature, not a bug. :code:`kmodes` is telling you that it can't make sense of the data you are presenting it. At least, not with the parameters you are setting the algorithm with. It is up to you, the data scientist, to figure out why. Some hints to possible solutions:



- Run with fewer clusters as the data might not support a large number of clusters

- Explore and visualize your data, checking for weird distributions, outliers, etc.

- Clean and normalize the data

- Increase the ratio of rows to columns



----



**Q: I'm getting the following error: "ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity, or a value too large for dtype('float64')."**



A: Following scikit-learn, the k-modes algorithm does not accept :code:`np.NaN` 

values in the :code:`X` matrix. Users are suggested to fill in the missing 

data in a way that makes sense for the problem at hand.



----



**Q: How would like your library to be cited?**



A: Something along these lines would do nicely:



.. code-block::



  @Misc{devos2015,

    author = {Nelis J. de Vos},

    title = {kmodes categorical clustering library},

    howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/nicodv/kmodes}},

    year = {2015--2024}

  }



References

----------



.. [HUANG97] Huang, Z.: Clustering large data sets with mixed numeric and

   categorical values, Proceedings of the First Pacific Asia Knowledge

   Discovery and Data Mining Conference, Singapore, pp. 21-34, 1997.



.. [HUANG98] Huang, Z.: Extensions to the k-modes algorithm for clustering

   large data sets with categorical values, Data Mining and Knowledge

   Discovery 2(3), pp. 283-304, 1998.



.. [CAO09] Cao, F., Liang, J, Bai, L.: A new initialization method for

   categorical data clustering, Expert Systems with Applications 36(7),

   pp. 10223-10228., 2009.