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https://github.com/opencompl/C-parsing-for-Lean4
A parser for ANSI C, in Lean4.
https://github.com/opencompl/C-parsing-for-Lean4
Last synced: 3 months ago
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A parser for ANSI C, in Lean4.
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/opencompl/C-parsing-for-Lean4
- Owner: opencompl
- Created: 2022-05-29T15:02:39.000Z (over 2 years ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2023-11-16T21:57:08.000Z (almost 1 year ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-05-28T02:14:09.532Z (6 months ago)
- Language: C
- Size: 1.56 MB
- Stars: 15
- Watchers: 2
- Forks: 2
- Open Issues: 3
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
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README
# C-parsing-for-Lean4
A parser for ANSI C, in Lean4.
## Description
The system uses macros to parse C code into an AST represented by a user-defined Lean type `translation_unit`.
This has been implemented by defining syntax categories according to the ANSI C Grammar (see below), and mapping non-terminal expansions to different constructors of the corresponding datatype.
## Testing
In order to run the tests, first run `lake build`. Then run `./build/bin/cParser`.
This will run the parser on the files in the `Tests` directory.
Alternatively, simply run `lake exe cParser`.
Failed tests can be filtered by piping the output of the command through `grep` in the following manner:
```./build/bin/cParser | grep error```
## Limitations
The file `Tests/SQLite/shell_clanged.c` is the output of `clang -E sqlite-amalgamation-3420000/shell.c`.
The file `Tests/SQLite/sqlite3_clanged.c` is the output of `clang -E sqlite-amalgamation-3420000/sqlite3.c`.
Before preprocessing, add the following directives to eliminate these macros from the code and include certain type definitions:
```c
#define __attribute__(x)
#define __extension__
#define __restrict
#define restrict
#define __inline
#define __asm__(x)
#define __asm(x)
#define _Nonnull
#define _Nullable
#define _Null_unspecified
#include // for non-Mac OS; else
# include
/* We assume little endian. */
# define htobe64(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt64(x)
# define htobe32(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt32(x)
# define htobe16(x) OSSwapHostToBigInt16(x)
# define be64toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt64(x)
# define be32toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt32(x)
# define be16toh(x) OSSwapBigToHostInt16(x)
// The following are for sqlite3.c
typedef unsigned long long __uint128_t;
typedef void(*LOGFUNC_t)(void*,int,const char*);
typedef int(*sqlite3FaultFuncType)(int);
typedef void (*void_function)(void);
typedef int(*sqlite3LocaltimeType)(const void*,void*);
```
## The `typedef` Issue
In C, a `typedef` statement creates a new type name, which cannot be parsed as an identifier within the scope of that `typedef` statement (global or function).
Consider the statement
```c
typedef struct Foo Foo;
```
If this statement in the outermost scope, then after it, `Foo` is a type name in that scope, but may be used to declare identifiers (thus hiding the type name) in local scopes.
However, if the statement is in a local scope, `Foo` is a type name only within that scope, and ceases to be one when we return from it.
This property makes C's grammar more context-sensitive than Lean's itself, which makes a straightforward solution infeasible. However, a solution for a limited (and, to our knowledge, fairly common) case of this has been implemented.
Global `typedef`s create new type names, which cannot be reused as identifiers in any scope after the `typedef`. Local `typedef`s cause no errors, but have no effect on the environment (create no new type names).
Thus, this snippet
```c
typedef struct Foo Foo;
struct Foo { int y ; };
Foo return_Foo(int x)
{
Foo bar;
bar.y = x;
return bar;
}
```
parses, but this one
```c
typedef struct Foo;
struct Foo { int y ; };
Foo return_Foo(int x)
{
int Foo = x;
struct Foo bar;
bar.y = Foo;
return bar;
}
```
and this one
```c
struct Foo { int y ; };
struct Foo add_and_wrap(int a, int b)
{
typedef struct Foo Foo;
Foo bar;
bar.y = a + b;
return bar;
}
```
do not.
## Control Flow
When `main` is run, it calls `runTestHarness`, which runs `checkFileParse` on each file in each directory of `Tests/`. All these functions are defined in `Main.lean`.
`runTestHarness` removes lines starting with `#` (preprocessing directives) and passes the file to the corresponding `parseNonTerminal` function (defined in `CParser/Parser/ParseFuncs.lean`). These functions are responsible for *both parsing and elaboration*.
`mkParseFun` creates the function responsible for this (which is called by `mkNonTerminalParser`), defined in `CParser/Util.lean`. The parsing is done by `runParserCategory`, and the elaboration by the argument `ntparser` (one of the `mk` functions defined in `CParser/Parser/MakeFuncs.lean`).
Note that we use a custom version of `runParserCategory` for the `translation_unit` nonterminal. This is in order to allow for global typedef statements.
`runParserCategoryTranslationUnit` works exactly the same as its built-in counterpart, except that if the statement being parsed is a typedef, then we use the `stringToCommand` function to define a new `type_name_token` for each identifier given. For example, the statement
```c
typedef struct Foo Foo;
```
causes the command
```lean
syntax "Foo" : type_name_token
```
to be elaborated.
`addTokenTableOfCategory` finds all the keywords used in the syntax definitions of a category, and these are the only keywords recognised during parsing. This is done so that Lean keywords do not block C identifiers.
We use custom tokenisation functions defined in `Token.lean` to account for differences between C tokens and Lean tokens. The major divergences are
* C identifiers cannot include `!` or `?`.
* Quotable characters are `\"'rntabefv?0`
* C comments are delimited by `//` (single line) and `/* ... */` (multiline).
Numbers with arithmetic type specifiers (`u`, `U`, `l` and `L`) following them are accounted for by the nonterminal `extended_num`, which allows for any number of these specifiers to follow any number.
## Error Reporting
### Parsing Errors
If the *parsing* fails, an error of the form `expected ...` will be thrown. For example, in a statement like
```c
static inline func(void);
```
if `inline` is not defined as a `declaration_specifier`, then it will be parsed as an `ident`, and the parser will then throw an error at `func`: `expected '(' or ';'`.
## Elaboration Errors
If the *elaboration* fails, an error of the form `unexpected syntax for ` will be thrown, followed by the syntax tree which was passed to the failing function. Usually, this will be because the parser has identified two possible parses and so the syntax node has kind `choice` instead of the required nonterminal. In such cases, a preference for one of the choices can be hardcoded by filtering them based on the kind. This has been done for
* `mkUnaryExpression`: a preference to include the brackets in the `unary_expression` instead of a `primary_expression`
* `mkCastExpression`: a preference to avoid reading the `type_name_token` as an `ident` and the expression as a `postfix_expression`
* `mkCompStmt`: a preference to have at least one `declaration`
For `unary_expression`s, an example of the ambiguity is
```
(choice
(«unary_expressionSizeof(_)»
"sizeof"
"("
(type_name__ (specifier_qualifier_list_ (specifier_qualifier_ (type_specifierChar "char"))) [])
")")
(unary_expressionSizeof_
"sizeof"
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_ (postfix_expression_ (primary_expression__4 "char"))))))))))))))))])
")")))))
```
for the expression `sizeof(char)`.
For `cast_expression`s, an example is
```
(choice
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(«postfix_expression_(_)»
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__1 (type_name_token__uint16_t "__uint16_t")))))))))))))))))])
")"))
"("
(«argument_expression_list_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(«inclusive_or_expression_|_»
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(«and_expression_&_»
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(«shift_expression_>>_»
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`__bsx))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))
">>"
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___
(num "8")
[(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))
"&"
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "0xff") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))))
"|"
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(«shift_expression_<<_»
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(«and_expression_&_»
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`__bsx))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))
"&"
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___
(num "0xff")
[(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))
"<<"
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "8") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))))))))])
")")))
(«cast_expression(_)_»
"("
(type_name__
(specifier_qualifier_list_ (specifier_qualifier_ (type_specifier__2 (type_name_token__uint16_t "__uint16_t"))))
[])
")"
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(«inclusive_or_expression_|_»
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(«and_expression_&_»
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(«shift_expression_>>_»
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`__bsx))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))
">>"
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___
(num "8")
[(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))
"&"
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "0xff") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))))
"|"
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(«shift_expression_<<_»
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(«and_expression_&_»
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`__bsx))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))
"&"
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___
(num "0xff")
[(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))
"<<"
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "8") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))
```
for the expression `((__uint16_t) ((((__bsx) >> 8) & 0xff) | (((__bsx) & 0xff) << 8)))`.
For `compound_statement`s, an example is
```
(choice
(«compound_statement{__}»
"{"
(declaration_list_
(«declaration__;»
(declaration_specifiers__1 (type_specifier__2 (type_name_tokenSqlite3_mutex "sqlite3_mutex")))
[(«init_declarator_list_,,»
[(«init_declarator_=_» (declarator__ [(«pointer*__» "*" [] [])] (direct_declarator_ `pMutex)) [])])]
";"))
(statement_list__
(statement__2 («expression_statement_;» [(«expression_,,» [])] ";"))
(statement_list__
(statement__3
(«selection_statementIf(_)_Else_»
"if"
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(«logical_or_expression_||_»
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(«relational_expression_<_»
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_ (unary_expression_ (postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `op))))))))
"<"
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression__2 (extended_num___ (num "0") [])))))))))))))))
"||"
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(«relational_expression_>=_»
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_ (unary_expression_ (postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `op))))))))
">="
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(«cast_expression(_)_»
"("
(type_name__
(specifier_qualifier_list_ (specifier_qualifier_ (type_specifierInt "int")))
[])
")"
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(«multiplicative_expression_/_»
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expressionSizeof_
"sizeof"
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`sqlite3Stat.nowValue))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))
"/"
(cast_expression_
(unary_expressionSizeof_
"sizeof"
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(«primary_expression(_)»
"("
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(«postfix_expression_[_]»
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression_
`sqlite3Stat.nowValue))
"["
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___
(num "0")
[(arith_type_specs
"")])))))))))))))))))])
"]")))))))))))))))])
")")))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))))))))))))])
")"))))))))))))))))])
")"
(statement__1
(«compound_statement{_}»
"{"
(statement_list_
(statement__5
(«jump_statementReturn_;»
"return"
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(«postfix_expression_(_)»
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `sqlite3MisuseError))
"("
(«argument_expression_list_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "23373") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))))))))))])
";")))
"}"))
[]))
(statement_list__
(statement__2
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(«assignment_operator=» "=")
(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(«postfix_expression_[_]»
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `sqlite3Stat.nowValue))
"["
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `op))))))))))))))))])
"]"))))))))))))))))])]
";")))
"}"))
[]))
(statement_list__
(statement__2
(«expression_statement_;»
[(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(«postfix_expression_(_)»
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `sqlite3_mutex_leave))
"("
(«argument_expression_list_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `pMutex))))))))))))))))])
")")))))))))))))))])]
";"))
(statement_list__
(statement__2
(«expression_statement_;»
[(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(«cast_expression(_)_»
"("
(type_name__
(specifier_qualifier_list_ (specifier_qualifier_ (type_specifierVoid "void")))
[])
")"
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_ (postfix_expression_ (primary_expression_ `pMutex)))))))))))))))))])]
";"))
(statement_list_
(statement__5
(«jump_statementReturn_;»
"return"
(«expression_,,»
[(assignment_expression_
(conditional_expression_
(logical_or_expression_
(logical_and_expression_
(inclusive_or_expression_
(exclusive_or_expression_
(and_expression_
(equality_expression_
(relational_expression_
(shift_expression_
(additive_expression_
(multiplicative_expression_
(cast_expression_
(unary_expression_
(postfix_expression_
(primary_expression__2
(extended_num___ (num "0") [(arith_type_specs "")])))))))))))))))))])
";")))))))))))))
"}"))
```
for the expression
```c
{
sqlite3_mutex *pMutex;
;
if( op<0 || op>=((int)(sizeof(sqlite3Stat.nowValue)/sizeof(sqlite3Stat.nowValue[0]))) ){
return sqlite3MisuseError(23373);
}
pMutex = statMutex[op] ? sqlite3Pcache1Mutex() : sqlite3MallocMutex();
sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMutex);
*pCurrent = sqlite3Stat.nowValue[op];
*pHighwater = sqlite3Stat.mxValue[op];
if( resetFlag ){
sqlite3Stat.mxValue[op] = sqlite3Stat.nowValue[op];
}
sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMutex);
(void)pMutex;
return 0;
}
```
## Group-wise list of non-terminals
The order in which the nonterminals of the C grammar ([reference](https://www.lysator.liu.se/c/ANSI-C-grammar-y.html)) is as follows:
```
+ assignment_expression
+ assignment_operator
+ assignment_expression
+ unary_expression
+ unary_operator
+ postfix_expression
+ primary_expression
+ argument_expression_list
+ expression
+ conditional_expression ... cast_expression [leads to type_name]
+ init_declarator_list
+ init_declarator
+ initializer [leads to assignment_expression]
+ initializer_list
+ declarator
+ pointer
+ type_qualifier
+ type_qualifier_list
+ direct_declarator [leads to parameter_type_list]
+ identifier_list
+ abstract_declarator
+ direct_abstract_declarator [leads to parameter_type_list]
+ constant_expression
+ declaration_list
+ declaration
+ init_declarator_list
+ parameter_type_list
+ parameter_list
+ parameter_declaration
+ declaration_specifiers
+ storage_class_specifier
+ type_specifier
+ enum_specifier
+ enumerator_list
+ enumerator
+ struct_or_union_specifier
+ struct_or_union
+ struct_declaration_list
+ struct_declaration
+ type_name
+ specifier_qualifier_list
+ struct_declarator_list
+ struct_declarator
+ compound_statement [leads to declaration_list]
+ statement_list
+ statement
+ labeled_statement
+ jump_statement
+ iteration_statement
+ selection_statement
+ expression_statement
+ translation_unit
+ external_declaration
+ function_definition
```