https://github.com/peppapig13132/go-engineering-path

🚀 Quick guide to preparing for a Go Engineer role
https://github.com/peppapig13132/go-engineering-path

backend go golang software-engineering

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🚀 Quick guide to preparing for a Go Engineer role

• Host: GitHub
• URL: https://github.com/peppapig13132/go-engineering-path
• Owner: peppapig13132
• Created: 2024-11-05T09:48:56.000Z (10 days ago)
• Default Branch: main
• Last Pushed: 2024-11-05T10:01:21.000Z (10 days ago)
• Last Synced: 2024-11-05T11:18:17.439Z (10 days ago)
• Topics: backend, go, golang, software-engineering
• Homepage:
• Size: 5.86 KB
• Stars: 0
• Watchers: 1
• Forks: 0
• Open Issues: 0
• Metadata Files:
  • Readme: README.md

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README

        
# Step by Step: Prepare for Go Backend Engineer

## 🧩Projects

Your projects ...

## 🧩Challenges

## 🧩Key features

Goroutine, channels, ...

## 🧩Database

PostgreSQL, Redis

## 🧩ORM

GORM, Ent

## 🧩Microservices

### 🌸Define Service Boundaries and Requirements

- Identify Microservices: Break down your application into independent services, each responsible for a specific functionality (e.g., user management, payment processing, order management).

- Data Ownership: Ensure each service owns its data. Avoid sharing databases across services to ensure loose coupling and maintain scalability.

### 🌸Communication Protocols

- HTTP/REST: For simple, stateless communication. RESTful services are easy to implement and test but may have higher latency.

- gRPC: A high-performance, low-latency option for internal communication. It's more efficient than REST over HTTP/2 and supports bi-directional streaming, which is helpful for real-time services.

- Message Brokers (like Kafka, NATS, or RabbitMQ): For asynchronous communication, especially where eventual consistency is acceptable (e.g., event-driven designs).

### 🌸Project Structure

```

microservices/

├── user-service/

│   ├── handlers/

│   ├── models/

│   ├── repositories/

│   ├── main.go

├── order-service/

│   ├── handlers/

│   ├── models/

│   ├── repositories/

│   ├── main.go

└── ...

```

- Handler: To manage incoming requests.

- Model: To define data structures.

- Repository: For interacting with the database.

### 🌸API Gateways (Optional)

An API Gateway can serve as a single entry point for clients, aggregating responses from multiple services. It also simplifies authentication, load balancing, rate limiting, and logging.

- Kong and Ambassador are popular API gateways.

- Alternatively, build a custom API gateway in Go if you need something lightweight and specific.

### 🌸Implement Inter-Service Communication

- For REST or gRPC, create client packages in each service to communicate with other services.

- For message-driven architectures, set up publishers and subscribers with message brokers like Kafka or RabbitMQ.

### 🌸Database Setup

Each microservice should ideally manage its own database to ensure loose coupling. This enables scaling and allows each service to choose the database type that best fits its requirements (e.g., SQL for relational data, NoSQL for more flexible schemas).

### 🌸Implement Service Discovery

Service discovery tools help services find and communicate with each other. Consider:

- Consul: For discovering services by name and load balancing.

- Eureka or etcd: For other service discovery mechanisms.

    

### 🌸Set Up Authentication and Authorization

- Use JWT (JSON Web Token) or OAuth for secure authentication and authorization.

- Centralize authentication in the API gateway or have each service handle authentication tokens independently.

    

### 🌸Error Handling and Logging

Use structured logging to ensure consistency across services. Go’s standard library log package, along with libraries like logrus or zap, can handle structured logs well.

### 🌸Observability (Monitoring and Tracing)

- Metrics: Use tools like Prometheus for monitoring.

- Tracing: Use OpenTelemetry or Jaeger to trace requests across services, which is critical in a microservices architecture.

- Logging: Ensure centralized logging by using tools like ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana).

    

### 🌸Deployment and Containerization

- Docker: Package each service as a Docker container for consistency across environments.

- Orchestration: Use Kubernetes or Docker Swarm to manage deployments, scale services, handle failures, and simplify networking.

- CI/CD Pipelines: Set up continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines for automatic testing, building, and deployment of services.

    

### 🌸Testing and Automation

- Unit Tests: Each service should have unit tests for individual components.

- Integration Tests: Test how services interact with each other.

- Contract Testing: For verifying that services adhere to agreed-upon API contracts.

- Load Testing: Check each service’s performance and scalability limits.

    

### 🌸Versioning and Backward Compatibility

- Use versioning for each API to prevent breaking changes when updating services.

- Adopt a consistent schema migration strategy for database changes to maintain compatibility across service versions.

    

### 🌸Implement Circuit Breakers and Retry Policies

Use circuit breakers (e.g., Hystrix) to handle service failures gracefully, preventing cascading failures in distributed systems. Also, implement retry logic with exponential backoff to improve resilience.

Tools and Libraries:

- gorilla/mux: For HTTP request routing.

- go-micro: For microservice framework support.

- grpc-go: For gRPC communication.

- opentracing-go: For distributed tracing.

## 🧩Websockets, WebRTC

### 🌸WebSocket for Real-Time Messaging

github.com/gorilla/websocket

### 🌸WebRTC for Video and Voice Calls

github.com/pion/webrtc

### 🌸MQTT

## 🧩Security

Securing a Go application requires attention to multiple layers, from coding practices and data handling to network security. Here’s a comprehensive approach to improving security in a Go application:

### 🌸Input Validation and Sanitization

- Sanitize User Inputs: Always validate and sanitize inputs to prevent injection attacks, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

- Use Parameterized Queries: If working with databases, use libraries that support parameterized queries (e.g., `database/sql` in Go) to prevent SQL injection.

- Escape HTML: Use the `html/template` package for rendering HTML templates, as it automatically escapes HTML content to avoid XSS attacks.

### 🌸Strong Authentication and Authorization

- JWT (JSON Web Tokens): Use JWTs for secure and stateless authentication. Ensure tokens are signed with a strong, secure key (e.g., RSA-256 or HS256).

- OAuth2: For applications that require third-party authentication, use OAuth2 standards and libraries like `golang.org/x/oauth2`.

- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Define user roles and permissions carefully and enforce access controls at every layer of the application.

### 🌸Data Protection

- Encrypt Sensitive Data: Use strong encryption (e.g., AES-256) for storing sensitive information like passwords or tokens.

- Secure Configuration: Use environment variables or secrets management tools to store sensitive configurations (e.g., database credentials), rather than hardcoding them in your codebase.

- Hash Passwords: Use a hashing algorithm like `bcrypt` (`golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt`) to store passwords securely. Avoid using simple hash functions like MD5 or SHA1.

### 🌸Implement HTTPS and Secure Network Communication

- TLS Certificates: Use HTTPS to encrypt data in transit. You can obtain free SSL/TLS certificates from providers like Let’s Encrypt.

- HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Configure HSTS headers to enforce HTTPS connections.

- gRPC with TLS: If using gRPC, enable TLS to secure communication between services.

### 🌸Implement Security Headers

- Use headers like `Content-Security-Policy`, `X-Frame-Options`, `X-Content-Type-Options`, and `Strict-Transport-Security` to protect against common web vulnerabilities.

- You can set these headers in Go with:

```go

func secureHeaders(next http.Handler) http.Handler {

    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r http.Request) {

        w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", "default-src 'self'")

        w.Header().Set("X-Frame-Options", "DENY")

        w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")

        w.Header().Set("Strict-Transport-Security", "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains")

        next.ServeHTTP(w, r)

    })

}

```

### 🌸Use Dependency Management and Monitor for Vulnerabilities

- Use Go Modules to manage dependencies and ensure reproducibility.

- Regularly check for vulnerabilities with tools like GoSec or Staticcheck:

```sh

go install github.com/securego/gosec/v2/cmd/gosec@latest

gosec ./...

```

- Keep dependencies updated, as libraries frequently release security patches.

### 🌸Prevent CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)

- Use anti-CSRF tokens for actions that modify data or perform sensitive operations. Libraries like `gorilla/csrf` can simplify CSRF protection in Go.

- Enforce SameSite cookies by setting the `SameSite` attribute on session cookies:

```go

http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{

    Name:     "session_id",

    Value:    "some_value",

    HttpOnly: true,

    Secure:   true,

    SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,

})

```

### 🌸Session Security

- Use HttpOnly and Secure Cookies: Set cookies as `HttpOnly` to prevent JavaScript access and `Secure` to ensure they’re only sent over HTTPS.

- Implement Session Expiry: Ensure sessions expire after a certain period of inactivity and refresh tokens where appropriate.

- Regenerate Session IDs: After authentication, generate a new session ID to prevent session fixation attacks.

### 🌸Error Handling and Logging

- Avoid Detailed Error Messages: Don’t expose detailed error messages to users, as they can reveal application internals.

- Log Security Events: Use structured logging (with `log` or packages like `logrus`) for tracking suspicious activity.

- Rate Limiting: Prevent brute-force attacks by implementing rate limiting on endpoints that involve authentication or other sensitive operations.

### 🌸Regular Security Testing

- Static Analysis Tools: Use static analysis tools like GoSec or Staticcheck to identify security issues in code.

- Penetration Testing: Conduct penetration testing on your application to identify security gaps.

- Fuzz Testing: Use Go’s built-in fuzz testing (available in recent versions) to test functions with random inputs and detect edge-case vulnerabilities.

### 🌸Use Web Application Firewalls (WAF)

If your app is hosted on cloud platforms or managed environments, consider using a WAF to protect against web application attacks like SQL injection, XSS, and CSRF.

### 🌸Code Review and Security Audits

Regular code reviews with security-focused team members help catch potential security flaws. Schedule periodic security audits to address any gaps in security practices.

## 🧩Load balancing

Load balancing in Go can be implemented in various ways, depending on your infrastructure needs and the complexity you want to handle within your application. Here’s an overview:

### 🌸Using Built-In Load Balancing on Cloud Providers

- AWS, GCP, Azure, and other cloud providers offer managed load balancers (e.g., AWS Elastic Load Balancer, Google Cloud Load Balancing, Azure Load Balancer).

- These services handle much of the complexity for you and are great if you want a managed solution that scales automatically.

- They also come with health checks, SSL termination, and automatic scaling features.

- For these, you simply need to deploy multiple instances of your Go app and register them with the load balancer. Your app doesn’t need to implement anything specific for load balancing.

### 🌸Reverse Proxy (nginx, HAProxy)

- You can set up a reverse proxy (e.g., nginx or HAProxy) in front of multiple instances of your Go application.

- The reverse proxy distributes incoming requests to different backend instances based on rules you define (e.g., round-robin, least connections, etc.).

- This setup requires minimal changes to your Go code since the proxy handles the load balancing.

### 🌸Implementing Load Balancing in Go

- If you want to build a custom load balancer in Go, you can create a lightweight load balancer using the `net/http` package.

- A simple implementation would use a list of backend servers and route requests in a round-robin or random fashion.

- Example:

```go

package main

import (

    "net/http"

    "net/http/httputil"

    "net/url"

    "sync/atomic"

)

var backends = []*url.URL{

    {Scheme: "http", Host: "localhost:8081"},

    {Scheme: "http", Host: "localhost:8082"},

    {Scheme: "http", Host: "localhost:8083"},

}

var current uint32

func loadBalance(next http.Handler) http.Handler {

    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

        backend := backends[atomic.AddUint32(&current, 1)%uint32(len(backends))]

        proxy := httputil.NewSingleHostReverseProxy(backend)

        proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)

    })

}

func main() {

    http.Handle("/", loadBalance(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

        w.Write([]byte("Request handled"))

    })))

    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

}

```

- Here, the `loadBalance` function routes requests to different backends in a round-robin manner.

- This can work for simple setups but doesn’t have built-in health checks, automatic failover, or sophisticated balancing algorithms.

### 🌸Using Service Discovery with Load Balancing

- For microservices running in Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, or with service discovery tools like Consul, you can use a service discovery mechanism to dynamically locate services.

- These environments often have built-in load balancers and health check mechanisms, so your Go application can communicate with the load balancer without implementing custom logic.

### 🌸Load Balancing for WebSocket or WebRTC in Go

- If you’re working with WebSocket or WebRTC, load balancing becomes a bit trickier because connections are long-lived.

- In these cases, sticky sessions (session affinity) or hashing-based load balancing can ensure that requests from the same client go to the same backend.

- For WebRTC, tools like STUN and TURN servers may be needed, and they can be load-balanced using similar reverse proxy methods but require stateful handling.

### 🌸Summary

- Managed load balancer (AWS, GCP, Azure) is easiest for scalable, production-grade setups.

- Reverse proxy (nginx, HAProxy) offers more control if you're deploying on bare metal or simple VPS.

- Custom load balancing in Go is suitable for lightweight or highly customized setups.

- Service discovery and orchestration tools are ideal for microservices and dynamic environments.

## 🧩CI/CD

## 🧩AWS

## 🧩Linux

## 🧩Docker