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https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-tutorial-v3

Let's write an OS which can run on RISC-V in Rust from scratch!
https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-tutorial-v3

k210 operating-system rcore risc-v rust

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Let's write an OS which can run on RISC-V in Rust from scratch!

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README 

        
# rCore-Tutorial-v3

rCore-Tutorial version 3.6. See the [Documentation in Chinese](https://rcore-os.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-Book-v3/).



rCore-Tutorial API Docs.  See the [API Docs of Ten OSes ](#OS-API-DOCS)



If you don't know  Rust Language and try to learn it, please visit [Rust Learning Resources](https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore/wiki/study-resource-of-system-programming-in-RUST)



Official QQ group number: 735045051



## news

- 23/06/2022: Version 3.6.0 is on the way! Now we directly update the code on chX branches, please periodically check if there are any updates.



## Overview



This project aims to show how to write an **Unix-like OS** running on **RISC-V** platforms **from scratch** in **[Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/)** for **beginners** without any background knowledge about **computer architectures, assembly languages or operating systems**.



## Features



* Platform supported: `qemu-system-riscv64` simulator or dev boards based on [Kendryte K210 SoC](https://canaan.io/product/kendryteai) such as [Maix Dock](https://www.seeedstudio.com/Sipeed-MAIX-Dock-p-4815.html)

* OS

  * concurrency of multiple processes each of which contains mutiple native threads

  * preemptive scheduling(Round-Robin algorithm)

  * dynamic memory management in kernel

  * virtual memory

  * a simple file system with a block cache

  * an interactive shell in the userspace

* **only 4K+ LoC**

* [A detailed documentation in Chinese](https://rcore-os.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-Book-v3/) in spite of the lack of comments in the code(English version is not available at present)



## Prerequisites



### Install Rust



See [official guide](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install).



Install some tools:



```sh

$ rustup target add riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf

$ cargo install cargo-binutils --vers =0.3.3

$ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview

$ rustup component add rust-src

```



### Install Qemu



Here we manually compile and install Qemu 7.0.0. For example, on Ubuntu 18.04:



```sh

# install dependency packages

$ sudo apt install autoconf automake autotools-dev curl libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev libgmp-dev \

              gawk build-essential bison flex texinfo gperf libtool patchutils bc \

              zlib1g-dev libexpat-dev pkg-config  libglib2.0-dev libpixman-1-dev git tmux python3 python3-pip ninja-build

# download Qemu source code

$ wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-7.0.0.tar.xz

# extract to qemu-7.0.0/

$ tar xvJf qemu-7.0.0.tar.xz

$ cd qemu-7.0.0

# build

$ ./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu,riscv64-linux-user

$ make -j$(nproc)

```



Then, add following contents to `~/.bashrc`(please adjust these paths according to your environment):



```

export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/qemu-7.0.0/build

```



Finally, update the current shell:



```sh

$ source ~/.bashrc

```



Now we can check the version of Qemu:



```sh

$ qemu-system-riscv64 --version

QEMU emulator version 7.0.0

Copyright (c) 2003-2020 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

```



### Install RISC-V GNU Embedded Toolchain(including GDB)



Download the compressed file according to your platform From [Sifive website](https://www.sifive.com/software)(Ctrl+F 'toolchain').



Extract it and append the location of the 'bin' directory under its root directory to `$PATH`.



For example, we can check the version of GDB:



```sh

$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb --version

GNU gdb (SiFive GDB-Metal 10.1.0-2020.12.7) 10.1

Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later 

This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.

There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

```



### Install serial tools(Optional, if you want to run on K210)



```sh

$ pip3 install pyserial

$ sudo apt install python3-serial

```



## Run our project



### Qemu



```sh

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os

$ make run

```



After outputing some debug messages, the kernel lists all the applications available and enter the user shell:



```

/**** APPS ****

mpsc_sem

usertests

pipetest

forktest2

cat

initproc

race_adder_loop

threads_arg

race_adder_mutex_spin

race_adder_mutex_blocking

forktree

user_shell

huge_write

race_adder

race_adder_atomic

threads

stack_overflow

filetest_simple

forktest_simple

cmdline_args

run_pipe_test

forktest

matrix

exit

fantastic_text

sleep_simple

yield

hello_world

pipe_large_test

sleep

phil_din_mutex

**************/

Rust user shell

>> 

```



You can run any application except for `initproc` and `user_shell` itself. To run an application, just input its filename and hit enter. `usertests` can run a bunch of applications, thus it is recommended.



Type `Ctrl+a` then `x` to exit Qemu.



### K210



Before chapter 6, you do not need a SD card:



```sh

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os

$ make run BOARD=k210

```



From chapter 6, before running the kernel, we should insert a SD card into PC and manually write the filesystem image to it:



```sh

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os

$ make sdcard

```



By default it will overwrite the device `/dev/sdb` which is the SD card, but you can provide another location. For example, `make sdcard SDCARD=/dev/sdc`.



After that, remove the SD card from PC and insert it to the slot of K210. Connect the K210 to PC and then:



```sh

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os

$ make run BOARD=k210

```



Type `Ctrl+]` to disconnect from K210.



## Show runtime debug info of OS kernel version

The branch of ch9-log contains a lot of debug info. You could try to run rcore tutorial 

for understand the internal behavior of os kernel.



```sh

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os

$ git checkout ch9-log

$ make run

......

[rustsbi] RustSBI version 0.2.0-alpha.10, adapting to RISC-V SBI v0.3

.______       __    __      _______.___________.  _______..______   __

|   _  \     |  |  |  |    /       |           | /       ||   _  \ |  |

|  |_)  |    |  |  |  |   |   (----`---|  |----`|   (----`|  |_)  ||  |

|      /     |  |  |  |    \   \       |  |      \   \    |   _  < |  |

|  |\  \----.|  `--'  |.----)   |      |  |  .----)   |   |  |_)  ||  |

| _| `._____| \______/ |_______/       |__|  |_______/    |______/ |__|



[rustsbi] Implementation: RustSBI-QEMU Version 0.0.2

[rustsbi-dtb] Hart count: cluster0 with 1 cores

[rustsbi] misa: RV64ACDFIMSU

[rustsbi] mideleg: ssoft, stimer, sext (0x222)

[rustsbi] medeleg: ima, ia, bkpt, la, sa, uecall, ipage, lpage, spage (0xb1ab)

[rustsbi] pmp0: 0x10000000 ..= 0x10001fff (rw-)

[rustsbi] pmp1: 0x2000000 ..= 0x200ffff (rw-)

[rustsbi] pmp2: 0xc000000 ..= 0xc3fffff (rw-)

[rustsbi] pmp3: 0x80000000 ..= 0x8fffffff (rwx)

[rustsbi] enter supervisor 0x80200000

[KERN] rust_main() begin

[KERN] clear_bss() begin

[KERN] clear_bss() end

[KERN] mm::init() begin

[KERN] mm::init_heap() begin

[KERN] mm::init_heap() end

[KERN] mm::init_frame_allocator() begin

[KERN] mm::frame_allocator::lazy_static!FRAME_ALLOCATOR begin

......

```



## Rustdoc



Currently it can only help you view the code since only a tiny part of the code has been documented.



You can open a doc html of `os` using `cargo doc --no-deps --open` under `os` directory.



### OS-API-DOCS

The API Docs for Ten OS

1. [Lib-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch1/os/index.html)

1. [Batch-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch2/os/index.html)

1. [MultiProg-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch3-coop/os/index.html)

1. [TimeSharing-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch3/os/index.html)

1. [AddrSpace-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch4/os/index.html)

1. [Process-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch5/os/index.html)

1. [FileSystem-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch6/os/index.html)

1. [IPC-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch7/os/index.html)

1. [SyncMutex-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch8/os/index.html)

1. [IODevice-OS API doc](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-v3/ch9/os/index.html)



## Working in progress



Our first release 3.6.0 (chapter 1-9) has been published, and we are still working on it.



* chapter 9: need more descripts about different I/O devices



Here are the updates since 3.5.0:



### Completed



* [x] automatically clean up and rebuild before running our project on a different platform

* [x] fix `power` series application in early chapters, now you can find modulus in the output

* [x] use `UPSafeCell` instead of `RefCell` or `spin::Mutex` in order to access static data structures and adjust its API so that it cannot be borrowed twice at a time(mention `& .exclusive_access().task[0]` in `run_first_task`)

* [x] move `TaskContext` into `TaskControlBlock` instead of restoring it in place on kernel stack(since ch3), eliminating annoying `task_cx_ptr2`

* [x] replace `llvm_asm!` with `asm!`

* [x] expand the fs image size generated by `rcore-fs-fuse` to 128MiB

* [x] add a new test named `huge_write` which evaluates the fs performance(qemu\~500KiB/s k210\~50KiB/s)

* [x] flush all block cache to disk after a fs transaction which involves write operation

* [x] replace `spin::Mutex` with `UPSafeCell` before SMP chapter

* [x] add codes for a new chapter about synchronization & mutual exclusion(uniprocessor only)

* [x] bug fix: we should call `find_pte` rather than `find_pte_create` in `PageTable::unmap`

* [x] clarify: "check validity of level-3 pte in `find_pte` instead of checking it outside this function" should not be a bug

* [x] code of chapter 8: synchronization on a uniprocessor

* [x] switch the code of chapter 6 and chapter 7

* [x] support signal mechanism in chapter 7/8(only works for apps with a single thread)

* [x] Add boards/ directory and support rustdoc, for example you can use `cargo doc --no-deps --open` to view the documentation of a crate

* [x] code of chapter 9: device drivers based on interrupts, including UART, block, keyboard, mouse, gpu devices

* [x] add CI autotest and doc in github 

### Todo(High priority)



* [ ] review documentation, current progress: 8/9

* [ ] use old fs image optionally, do not always rebuild the image

* [ ] shell functionality improvement(to be continued...)

* [ ] give every non-zero process exit code an unique and clear error type

* [ ] effective error handling of mm module

* [ ] add more os functions for understanding os conecpts and principles

### Todo(Low priority)



* [ ] rewrite practice doc and remove some inproper questions

* [ ] provide smooth debug experience at a Rust source code level

* [ ] format the code using official tools



### Crates



We will add them later.