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https://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld
Ruby JSON-LD reader/writer for RDF.rb
https://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld
Last synced: about 1 month ago
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Ruby JSON-LD reader/writer for RDF.rb
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld
- Owner: ruby-rdf
- License: unlicense
- Created: 2011-05-07T23:52:16.000Z (over 13 years ago)
- Default Branch: develop
- Last Pushed: 2024-07-29T22:13:24.000Z (5 months ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-10-20T12:47:42.054Z (about 2 months ago)
- Language: HTML
- Homepage:
- Size: 8.74 MB
- Stars: 232
- Watchers: 28
- Forks: 27
- Open Issues: 2
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- Contributing: CONTRIBUTING.md
- Authors: AUTHORS
Awesome Lists containing this project
- awesome-ccamel - ruby-rdf/json-ld - Ruby JSON-LD reader/writer for RDF.rb (HTML)
README
# JSON-LD reader/writer
[JSON-LD][] reader/writer for [RDF.rb][RDF.rb] and fully conforming [JSON-LD API][] processor. Additionally this gem implements [JSON-LD Framing][].
[](https://rubygems.org/gems/json-ld)
[](https://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)
[](https://coveralls.io/github/ruby-rdf/json-ld?branch=develop)
[](https://gitter.im/gitterHQ/gitter)
## Features
JSON::LD parses and serializes [JSON-LD][] into [RDF][] and implements expansion, compaction and framing API interfaces. It also extracts JSON-LD from HTML.
JSON::LD can now be used to create a _context_ from an RDFS/OWL definition, and optionally include a JSON-LD representation of the ontology itself. This is currently accessed through the `script/gen_context` script.
* If the [jsonlint][] gem is installed, it will be used when validating an input document.
* If available, uses [Nokogiri][] for parsing HTML, falls back to REXML otherwise.
* Provisional support for [JSON-LD-star][JSON-LD-star].
[Implementation Report](https://ruby-rdf.github.io/json-ld/etc/earl.html)
Install with `gem install json-ld`
### JSON-LD Streaming Profile
This gem implements an optimized streaming reader used for generating RDF from large dataset dumps formatted as JSON-LD. Such documents must correspond to the [JSON-LD Streaming Profile](https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-streaming/):
* Keys in JSON objects must be ordered with any of `@context`, and/or `@type` coming before any other keys, in that order. This includes aliases of those keys. It is strongly encouraged that `@id` be present, and come immediately after.
* JSON-LD documents can be signaled or requested in [streaming document form](https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-streaming/#dfn-streaming-document-form). The profile URI identifying the [streaming document form](https://w3c.github.io/json-ld-streaming/#dfn-streaming-document-form) is `http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#streaming`.
This gem also implements an optimized streaming writer used for generating JSON-LD from large repositories. Such documents result in the JSON-LD Streaming Profile:
* Each statement written as a separate node in expanded/flattened form.
* `RDF List`s are written as separate nodes using `rdf:first` and `rdf:rest` properties.
The order of triples retrieved from the `RDF::Enumerable` dataset determines the way that JSON-LD node objects are written; for best results, statements should be ordered by _graph name_, _subject_, _predicate_ and _object_.
### MultiJson parser
The [MultiJson](https://rubygems.org/gems/multi_json) gem is used for parsing and serializing JSON; this defaults to the native JSON parser/serializer, but will use a more performant parser if one is available. A specific parser can be specified by adding the `:adapter` option to any API call. Additionally, a custom serialilzer may be specified by passing the `:serializer` option to {JSON::LD::Writer} or methods of {JSON::LD::API}. See [MultiJson](https://rubygems.org/gems/multi_json) for more information.
### JSON-LD-star (RDFStar)
The {JSON::LD::API.expand}, {JSON::LD::API.compact}, {JSON::LD::API.toRdf}, and {JSON::LD::API.fromRdf} API methods, along with the {JSON::LD::Reader} and {JSON::LD::Writer}, include provisional support for [JSON-LD-star][JSON-LD-star].
Internally, an `RDF::Statement` is treated as another resource, along with `RDF::URI` and `RDF::Node`, which allows an `RDF::Statement` to have a `#subject` or `#object` which is also an `RDF::Statement`.
In JSON-LD, with the `rdfstar` option set, the value of `@id`, in addition to an IRI or Blank Node Identifier, can be a JSON-LD node object having exactly one property with an optional `@id`, which may also be an embedded object. (It may also have `@context` and `@index` values).
{
"@id": {
"@context": {"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
"@index": "ignored",
"@id": "bob",
"foaf:age" 23
},
"ex:certainty": 0.9
}
Additionally, the `@annotation` property (or alias) may be used on a node object or value object to annotate the statement for which the associated node is the object of a triple.
{
"@context": {"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
"@id": "bob",
"foaf:age" 23,
"@annotation": {
"ex:certainty": 0.9
}
}
In the first case, the embedded node is not asserted, and only appears as the subject of a triple. In the second case, the triple is asserted and used as the subject in another statement which annotates it.
**Note: This feature is subject to change or elimination as the standards process progresses.**
#### Serializing a Graph containing embedded statements
require 'json/ld'
statement = RDF::Statement(RDF::URI('bob'), RDF::Vocab::FOAF.age, RDF::Literal(23))
graph = RDF::Graph.new << [statement, RDF::URI("ex:certainty"), RDF::Literal(0.9)]
graph.dump(:jsonld, validate: false, standard_prefixes: true)
# => {"@id": {"@id": "bob", "foaf:age" 23}, "ex:certainty": 0.9}
Alternatively, using the {JSON::LD::API.fromRdf} method:
JSON::LD::API::fromRdf(graph)
# => {"@id": {"@id": "bob", "foaf:age" 23}, "ex:certainty": 0.9}
#### Reading a Graph containing embedded statements
By default, {JSON::LD::API.toRdf} (and {JSON::LD::Reader}) will reject a document containing a subject resource.
jsonld = %({
"@id": {
"@id": "bob", "foaf:age" 23
},
"ex:certainty": 0.9
})
graph = RDF::Graph.new << JSON::LD::API.toRdf(input)
# => JSON::LD::JsonLdError::InvalidIdValue
{JSON::LD::API.toRdf} (and {JSON::LD::Reader}) support a boolean valued `rdfstar` option; only one statement is asserted, although the reified statement is contained within the graph.
graph = RDF::Graph.new do |graph|
JSON::LD::Reader.new(jsonld, rdfstar: true) {|reader| graph << reader}
end
graph.count #=> 1
## Examples
```ruby
require 'rubygems'
require 'json/ld'
```
### Expand a Document
```ruby
input = JSON.parse %({
"@context": {
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
"homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
"avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
},
"name": "Manu Sporny",
"homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
"avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
})
JSON::LD::API.expand(input) =>
[{
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value"=>"Manu Sporny"}],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{"@value"=>"https://manu.sporny.org/"}],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar": [{"@value": "https://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"}]
}]
```
### Compact a Document
input = JSON.parse %([{
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": ["Manu Sporny"],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{"@id": "https://manu.sporny.org/"}],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar": [{"@id": "https://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"}]
}])
context = JSON.parse(%({
"@context": {
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
"homepage": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"},
"avatar": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar", "@type": "@id"}
}
}))['@context']
JSON::LD::API.compact(input, context) =>
{
"@context": {
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
"homepage": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"},
"avatar": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar", "@type": "@id"}
},
"avatar": "https://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny",
"homepage": "https://manu.sporny.org/",
"name": "Manu Sporny"
}
### Frame a Document
input = JSON.parse %({
"@context": {
"Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
"Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
"contains": {"@id": "http://example.org/vocab#contains", "@type": "@id"},
"creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
"description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description",
"Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
"title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
},
"@graph":
[{
"@id": "http://example.com/library",
"@type": "Library",
"contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
},
{
"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
"@type": "Book",
"creator": "Plato",
"title": "The Republic",
"contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
},
{
"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
"@type": "Chapter",
"description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
"title": "The Introduction"
}]
})
frame = JSON.parse %({
"@context": {
"Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
"Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
"contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
"creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
"description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description",
"Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
"title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
},
"@type": "Library",
"contains": {
"@type": "Book",
"contains": {
"@type": "Chapter"
}
}
})
JSON::LD::API.frame(input, frame) =>
{
"@context": {
"Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
"Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
"contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
"creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
"description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description",
"Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
"title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
},
"@graph": [
{
"@id": "http://example.com/library",
"@type": "Library",
"contains": {
"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
"@type": "Book",
"contains": {
"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
"@type": "Chapter",
"description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
"title": "The Introduction"
},
"creator": "Plato",
"title": "The Republic"
}
}
]
}
### Turn JSON-LD into RDF (Turtle)
input = JSON.parse %({
"@context": {
"": "https://manu.sporny.org/",
"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
},
"@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
"@type": "foaf:Person",
"foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
"foaf:nick": { "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybe" ] }
})
graph = RDF::Graph.new << JSON::LD::API.toRdf(input)
require 'rdf/turtle'
graph.dump(:ttl, prefixes: {foaf: "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"})
@prefix foaf: .
a foaf:Person;
foaf:name "Joe Bob";
foaf:nick ("joe" "bob" "jaybe") .
### Turn RDF into JSON-LD
require 'rdf/turtle'
input = RDF::Graph.new << RDF::Turtle::Reader.new(%(
@prefix foaf: .
a foaf:Person;
foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person;
foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg"];
foaf:name "Manu Sporny" .
))
context = JSON.parse %({
"@context": {
"": "https://manu.sporny.org/",
"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
}
})
compacted = nil
JSON::LD::API::fromRdf(input) do |expanded|
compacted = JSON::LD::API.compact(expanded, context['@context'])
end
compacted =>
[
{
"@id": "_:g70265766605380",
"@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Gregg Kellogg"}]
},
{
"@id": "https://manu.sporny.org/#me",
"@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [{"@id": "_:g70265766605380"}],
"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}]
}
]
## Use a custom Document Loader
In some cases, the built-in document loader {JSON::LD::API.documentLoader} is inadequate; for example, when using `http://schema.org` as a remote context, it will be re-loaded every time (however, see [json-ld-preloaded](https://rubygems.org/gems/json-ld-preloaded)).
All entries into the {JSON::LD::API} accept a `:documentLoader` option, which can be used to provide an alternative method to use when loading remote documents. For example:
```ruby
load_document_local = Proc.new do |url, **options, &block|
if RDF::URI(url, canonicalize: true) == RDF::URI('http://schema.org/')
remote_document = JSON::LD::API::RemoteDocument.new(url, File.read("etc/schema.org.jsonld"))
return block_given? ? yield(remote_document) : remote_document
else
JSON::LD::API.documentLoader(url, options, &block)
end
end
```
Then, when performing something like expansion:
```ruby
JSON::LD::API.expand(input, documentLoader: load_document_local)
```
## Preloading contexts
In many cases, for small documents, processing time can be dominated by loading and parsing remote contexts. In particular, a small schema.org example may need to download a large context and turn it into an internal representation, before the actual document can be expanded for processing. Using {JSON::LD::Context.add_preloaded}, an implementation can perform this loading up-front, and make it available to the processor.
```ruby
ctx = JSON::LD::Context.new().parse('http://schema.org/')
JSON::LD::Context.add_preloaded('http://schema.org/', ctx)
```
On lookup, URIs with an `https` prefix are normalized to `http`.
A context may be serialized to Ruby to speed this process using `Context#to_rb`. When loaded, this generated file will add entries to the {JSON::LD::Context::PRELOADED}.
## RDF Reader and Writer
{JSON::LD} also acts as a normal RDF reader and writer, using the standard RDF.rb reader/writer interfaces:
```ruby
graph = RDF::Graph.load("etc/doap.jsonld", format: :jsonld)
graph.dump(:jsonld, standard_prefixes: true)
```
`RDF::GRAPH#dump` can also take a `:context` option to use a separately defined context
As JSON-LD may come from many different sources, included as an embedded script tag within an HTML document, the RDF Reader will strip input before the leading `{` or `[` and after the trailing `}` or `]`.
## Extensions from JSON-LD 1.0
This implementation is being used as a test-bed for features planned for an upcoming JSON-LD 1.1 Community release.
### Scoped Contexts
A term definition can include `@context`, which is applied to values of that object. This is also used when compacting. Taken together, this allows framing to effectively include context definitions more deeply within the framed structure.
{
"@context": {
"ex": "http://example.com/",
"foo": {
"@id": "ex:foo",
"@type": "@vocab"
"@context": {
"Bar": "ex:Bar",
"Baz": "ex:Baz"
}
}
},
"foo": "Bar"
}
### @id and @type maps
The value of `@container` in a term definition can include `@id` or `@type`, in addition to `@set`, `@list`, `@language`, and `@index`. This allows value indexing based on either the `@id` or `@type` of associated objects.
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "http://example/",
"idmap": {"@container": "@id"}
},
"idmap": {
"http://example.org/foo": {"label": "Object with @id "},
"_:bar": {"label": "Object with @id _:bar"}
}
}
### @graph containers and maps
A term can have `@container` set to include `@graph` optionally including `@id` or `@index` and `@set`. In the first form, with `@container` set to `@graph`, the value of a property is treated as a _simple graph object_, meaning that values treated as if they were contained in an object with `@graph`, creating _named graph_ with an anonymous name.
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "http://example.org/",
"input": {"@container": "@graph"}
},
"input": {
"value": "x"
}
}
which expands to the following:
[{
"http://example.org/input": [{
"@graph": [{
"http://example.org/value": [{"@value": "x"}]
}]
}]
}]
Compaction reverses this process, optionally ensuring that a single value is contained within an array of `@container` also includes `@set`:
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "http://example.org/",
"input": {"@container": ["@graph", "@set"]}
}
}
A graph map uses the map form already existing for `@index`, `@language`, `@type`, and `@id` where the index is either an index value or an id.
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "http://example.org/",
"input": {"@container": ["@graph", "@index"]}
},
"input": {
"g1": {"value": "x"}
}
}
treats "g1" as an index, and expands to the following:
[{
"http://example.org/input": [{
"@index": "g1",
"@graph": [{
"http://example.org/value": [{"@value": "x"}]
}]
}]
}])
This can also include `@set` to ensure that, when compacting, a single value of an index will be in array form.
The _id_ version is similar:
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "http://example.org/",
"input": {"@container": ["@graph", "@id"]}
},
"input": {
"http://example.com/g1": {"value": "x"}
}
}
which expands to:
[{
"http://example.org/input": [{
"@id": "http://example.com/g1",
"@graph": [{
"http://example.org/value": [{"@value": "x"}]
}]
}]
}])
### Transparent Nesting
Many JSON APIs separate properties from their entities using an intermediate object. For example, a set of possible labels may be grouped under a common property:
{
"@context": {
"skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
"labels": "@nest",
"main_label": {"@id": "skos:prefLabel"},
"other_label": {"@id": "skos:altLabel"},
"homepage": {"@id":"http://schema.org/description", "@type":"@id"}
},
"@id":"http://example.org/myresource",
"homepage": "http://example.org",
"labels": {
"main_label": "This is the main label for my resource",
"other_label": "This is the other label"
}
}
In this case, the `labels` property is semantically meaningless. Defining it as equivalent to `@nest` causes it to be ignored when expanding, making it equivalent to the following:
{
"@context": {
"skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
"labels": "@nest",
"main_label": {"@id": "skos:prefLabel"},
"other_label": {"@id": "skos:altLabel"},
"homepage": {"@id":"http://schema.org/description", "@type":"@id"}
},
"@id":"http://example.org/myresource",
"homepage": "http://example.org",
"main_label": "This is the main label for my resource",
"other_label": "This is the other label"
}
Similarly, properties may be marked with "@nest": "nest-term", to cause them to be nested. Note that the `@nest` keyword can also be aliased in the context.
{
"@context": {
"skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
"labels": "@nest",
"main_label": {"@id": "skos:prefLabel", "@nest": "labels"},
"other_label": {"@id": "skos:altLabel", "@nest": "labels"},
"homepage": {"@id":"http://schema.org/description", "@type":"@id"}
},
"@id":"http://example.org/myresource",
"homepage": "http://example.org",
"labels": {
"main_label": "This is the main label for my resource",
"other_label": "This is the other label"
}
}
In this way, nesting survives round-tripping through expansion, and framed output can include nested properties.
## Sinatra/Rack support
JSON-LD 1.1 describes support for the _profile_ parameter to a media type in an HTTP ACCEPT header. This allows an HTTP request to specify the format (expanded/compacted/flattened/framed) along with a reference to a context or frame to use to format the returned document.
An HTTP header may be constructed as follows:
GET /ordinary-json-document.json HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Accept: application/ld+json;profile="http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted http://conneg.example.com/context", application/ld+json
This tells a server that the top priority is to return JSON-LD compacted using a context at `http://conneg.example.com/context`, and if not available, to just return any form of JSON-LD.
The {JSON::LD::ContentNegotiation} class provides a [Rack][Rack] `call` method, and [Sinatra][Sinatra] `registered` class method to allow content-negotiation using such profile parameters. For example:
#!/usr/bin/env rackup
require 'sinatra/base'
require 'json/ld'
module My
class Application < Sinatra::Base
register JSON::LD::ContentNegotiation
get '/hello' do
[{
"http://example.org/input": [{
"@id": "http://example.com/g1",
"@graph": [{
"http://example.org/value": [{"@value": "x"}]
}]
}]
}])
end
end
end
run My::Application
The {JSON::LD::ContentNegotiation#call} method looks for a result which includes an object, with an acceptable `Accept` header and formats the result as JSON-LD, considering the profile parameters. This can be tested using something like the following:
$ rackup config.ru
$ curl -iH 'Accept: application/ld+json;profile="http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted http://conneg.example.com/context"' http://localhost:9292/hello
See [Rack::LinkedData][] to do the same thing with an RDF Graph or Dataset as the source, rather than Ruby objects.
## Documentation
Full documentation available on [RubyDoc](https://ruby-rdf.github.io/json-ld/file/README.md)
## Differences from [JSON-LD API][]
The specified JSON-LD API is based on a WebIDL definition implementing [Promises][] intended for use within a browser.
This version implements a more Ruby-like variation of this API without the use
of promises or callback arguments, preferring Ruby blocks. All API methods
execute synchronously, so that the return from a method can typically be used as well as a block.
Note, the API method signatures differed in versions before 1.0, in that they also had a callback parameter. And 1.0.6 has some other minor method signature differences than previous versions. This should be the only exception to the use of semantic versioning.
### Principal Classes
* {JSON::LD}
* {JSON::LD::API}
* {JSON::LD::Compact}
* {JSON::LD::Context}
* {JSON::LD::Format}
* {JSON::LD::Frame}
* {JSON::LD::FromRDF}
* {JSON::LD::Reader}
* {JSON::LD::ToRDF}
* {JSON::LD::Writer}
## Dependencies
* [Ruby](https://ruby-lang.org/) (>= 3.0)
* [RDF.rb](https://rubygems.org/gems/rdf) (~> 3.3)
* [JSON](https://rubygems.org/gems/json) (>= 2.6)
## Installation
The recommended installation method is via [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org/).
To install the latest official release of the `JSON-LD` gem, do:
% [sudo] gem install json-ld
## Download
To get a local working copy of the development repository, do:
% git clone git://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld.git
## Change Log
See [Release Notes on GitHub](https://github.com/ruby-rdf/json-ld/releases)
## Mailing List
*
## Author
* [Gregg Kellogg](https://github.com/gkellogg) -
## Contributing
* Do your best to adhere to the existing coding conventions and idioms.
* Don't use hard tabs, and don't leave trailing whitespace on any line.
* Do document every method you add using [YARD][] annotations. Read the
[tutorial][YARD-GS] or just look at the existing code for examples.
* Don't touch the `json-ld.gemspec`, `VERSION` or `AUTHORS` files. If you need to
change them, do so on your private branch only.
* Do feel free to add yourself to the `CREDITS` file and the corresponding
list in the the `README`. Alphabetical order applies.
* Do note that in order for us to merge any non-trivial changes (as a rule
of thumb, additions larger than about 15 lines of code), we need an
explicit [public domain dedication][PDD] on record from you,
which you will be asked to agree to on the first commit to a repo within the organization.
Note that the agreement applies to all repos in the [Ruby RDF](https://github.com/ruby-rdf/) organization.
## License
This is free and unencumbered public domain software. For more information,
see or the accompanying {file:UNLICENSE} file.
[Ruby]: https://ruby-lang.org/
[RDF]: https://www.w3.org/RDF/
[YARD]: https://yardoc.org/
[YARD-GS]: https://rubydoc.info/docs/yard/file/docs/GettingStarted.md
[PDD]: https://unlicense.org/#unlicensing-contributions
[RDF.rb]: https://rubygems.org/gems/rdf
[JSON-LD-star]: https://json-ld.github.io/json-ld-star/
[Rack::LinkedData]: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-linkeddata
[Backports]: https://rubygems.org/gems/backports
[JSON-LD]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/ "JSON-LD 1.1"
[JSON-LD API]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-api/ "JSON-LD 1.1 Processing Algorithms and API"
[JSON-LD Framing]: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/ "JSON-LD 1.1 Framing"
[Promises]: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#promises
[jsonlint]: https://rubygems.org/gems/jsonlint
[Sinatra]: https://www.sinatrarb.com/
[Rack]: https://rack.github.com/