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Ultimate Solidity, Blockchain, and Smart Contract - Beginner to Expert Full Course | Python Edition
https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-py

blockchain chainlink dapp ethereum smart-contracts solidity web3

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Ultimate Solidity, Blockchain, and Smart Contract - Beginner to Expert Full Course | Python Edition

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README 

        
_Big Update_: [New Sepolia Faucet Located Here](https://sepoliafaucet.com/).

\Kovan, Ropsten, and Rinkeby have been deprecated. Goerli Still works but we highly recommend Sepolia as its proof of stake based.



You'll need to verify via Twitter to get ETH & LINK.

You can find [Backup Faucets here](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/#goerli).



Additionally, lesson 7 uses Chainlink VRF v1 instead of v2, [you can find the docs for Chainlink VRFv1 here](https://docs.chain.link/vrf/v1/examples/get-a-random-number).



[YouTube Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M576WGiDBdQ)










Solidity, Blockchain, and Smart Contract Course – Beginner to Expert Python Tutorial









Welcome to the repository for the Ultimate Solidity, Blockchain, and Smart Contract - Beginner to Expert Full Course | Python Edition FreeCodeCamp course!



# Table of Contents



- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)

- [Resources For This Course](#resources-for-this-course)

  - [Questions](#questions)

  - [Windows Support](#windows-support)

  - [Hiccups/Issues from the Video](#hiccupsissues-from-the-video)

- [Lesson 0: Welcome To Blockchain](#lesson-0-welcome-to-blockchain)

  - [What is a Blockchain?](#what-is-a-blockchain)

  - [Making Your First Transaction](#making-your-first-transaction)

  - [How Do Blockchains Work?](#how-do-blockchains-work)

    - [Consensus](#consensus)

  - [The Future](#the-future)

  - [Miscellaneous](#miscellaneous)

- [Lesson 1: Welcome to Remix! Simple Storage](#lesson-1-welcome-to-remix-simple-storage)

  - [Everything in this section can be read about in the Solidity Documentation](#everything-in-this-section-can-be-read-about-in-the-solidity-documentation)

  - [Remix](#remix)

  - [Basic Solidity](#basic-solidity)

  - [Deploying to a "Live" network](#deploying-to-a-live-network)

- [Lesson 2: Storage Factory](#lesson-2-storage-factory)

  - [Inheritance, Factory Pattern, and Interacting with External Contracts](#inheritance-factory-pattern-and-interacting-with-external-contracts)

- [Lesson 3: Fund Me](#lesson-3-fund-me)

  - [Payable, msg.sender, msg.value, Units of Measure](#payable-msgsender-msgvalue-units-of-measure)

  - [Chainlink Oracles](#chainlink-oracles)

  - [Importing from NPM and Advanced Solidity](#importing-from-npm-and-advanced-solidity)

- [Lesson 4: Web3.py Simple Storage](#lesson-4-web3py-simple-storage)

  - [Installing VSCode, Python, and Web3](#installing-vscode-python-and-web3)

  - [Our First Python Script with Web3.py - Deploying a Contract](#our-first-python-script-with-web3py---deploying-a-contract)

  - [Interacting with Our Contract in Python & Web3.py](#interacting-with-our-contract-in-python--web3py)

- [Lesson 5: Brownie Simple Storage](#lesson-5-brownie-simple-storage)

  - [Brownie Introduction](#brownie-introduction)

  - [Installing Brownie](#installing-brownie)

  - [Brownie Simple Storage Project](#brownie-simple-storage-project)

  - [Testing Basics](#testing-basics)

  - [[Brownie console]](#brownie-console)

- [Lesson 6: Brownie Fund Me](#lesson-6-brownie-fund-me)

  - [Introduction](#introduction)

  - [Dependencies, Deploying, and Networks](#dependencies-deploying-and-networks)

  - [Funding and Withdrawing Python Scripts](#funding-and-withdrawing-python-scripts)

  - [Testing across networks](#testing-across-networks)

  - [Git](#git)

  - [Compatibility with Ganache UI](#compatibility-with-ganache-ui)

- [Lesson 7: SmartContract Lottery](#lesson-7-smartcontract-lottery)

  - [Introduction](#introduction-1)

  - [`Lottery.sol`](#lotterysol)

  - [Testing Lottery.sol](#testing-lotterysol)

  - [Lottery.sol Testnet Deployment](#lotterysol-testnet-deployment)

- [Lesson 8: Chainlink Mix](#lesson-8-chainlink-mix)

  - [Brownie Mixes](#brownie-mixes)

- [Lesson 9: ERC20s, EIPs, and Token Standards](#lesson-9-erc20s-eips-and-token-standards)

- [Lesson 10: Defi & Aave](#lesson-10-defi--aave)

  - [Defi Intro](#defi-intro)

  - [Aave UI](#aave-ui)

  - [Programmatic Interactions with Aave](#programmatic-interactions-with-aave)

  - [Testing](#testing)

- [Lesson 11: NFTs](#lesson-11-nfts)

  - [Non-Technical Explainer](#non-technical-explainer)

  - [Simple NFT](#simple-nft)

  - [SimpleCollectible Testing](#simplecollectible-testing)

  - [Advanced NFT](#advanced-nft)

  - [Advanced deploy_and_create](#advanced-deploy_and_create)

  - [Creating Metadata & IPFS](#creating-metadata--ipfs)

- [Lesson 12: Upgrades](#lesson-12-upgrades)

  - [Introduction to upgrading smart contracts](#introduction-to-upgrading-smart-contracts)

  - [Upgrades-mix and code](#upgrades-mix-and-code)

  - [Testing Upgrades](#testing-upgrades)

  - [Upgrades on a testnet](#upgrades-on-a-testnet)

- [Bonus Lesson 13: Full Stack Defi](#bonus-lesson-13-full-stack-defi)

  - [Defi Stake Yield Brownie Scripts & Tests](#defi-stake-yield-brownie-scripts--tests)

  - [Testing our Defi Stake Yield Brownie Dapp](#testing-our-defi-stake-yield-brownie-dapp)

  - [Front End / Full Stack](#front-end--full-stack)

- [Closing and Summary](#closing-and-summary)

  - [Security](#security)

  - [Where do I go now?](#where-do-i-go-now)

    - [Learning More](#learning-more)

    - [Community](#community)

    - [Hackathons](#hackathons)

    - [Vyper](#vyper)



# Resources For This Course



### Questions



- [Github Discussions](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-py/discussions)

  - Ask questions and chat about the course here!

- [Stack Exchange Ethereum](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/)

  - Great place for asking technical questions about Ethereum

- [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/)

  - Great place for asking technical questions overall



### Windows Support



- [Setup your windows environment](https://medium.com/@cromewar/how-to-setup-windows-10-11-for-smart-contract-development-and-brownie-e7d8d13555b3)

  - Learn how to install all the tools you will need for this course on a windows machine



### Hiccups/Issues from the Video



- [Chronological Issues from the Video](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-py/blob/main/chronological-issues-from-video.md)

  - A list of known hiccups/issues you may encounter while implementing the content from the video



# Lesson 0: Welcome To Blockchain



## What is a Blockchain?



- [Bitcoin Whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)

- [Ethereum Whitepaper](https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/)

- [Hybrid Smart Contracts](https://blog.chain.link/hybrid-smart-contracts-explained/)

- [Blockchain Oracles](https://betterprogramming.pub/what-is-a-blockchain-oracle-f5ccab8dbd72?source=friends_link&sk=d921a38466df8a9176ed8dd767d8c77d)

- [What is a blockchain](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp)



## Making Your First Transaction



- [Metamask](https://metamask.io/)

- [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/)

- [Goerli Etherscan](https://goerli.etherscan.io/)

- [Kovan Etherscan](https://kovan.etherscan.io/)

- [Goerli Faucet](https://faucets.chain.link/goerli)

- [Sepolia Faucet](https://sepoliafaucet.com/)

- [Sepolia Etherscan](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/)



- Rinkeby Faucet (Check the [link token contracts page](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/#rinkeby))

  - NOTE: You can always find the most up to date faucets at [faucets.chain.link](https://faucets.chain.link/).

- OR, use the [Kovan ETH Faucet](https://faucets.chain.link/), just be sure to swap your metamask to kovan!

- [Gas and Gas Fees](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/)

- [Wei, Gwei, and Ether Converter](https://eth-converter.com/)

- [ETH Gas Station](https://ethgasstation.info/)



## How Do Blockchains Work?



- [Blockchain Demo](https://andersbrownworth.com/blockchain/)

- [Public / Private Keys](https://andersbrownworth.com/blockchain/public-private-keys/keys)

- [Layer 2 and Rollups](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/layer-2-rollups/)

- [Decentralized Blockchain Oracles](https://blog.chain.link/what-is-the-blockchain-oracle-problem/)

- [Block Rewards](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/block-reward.asp)

- [Run Your Own Ethereum Node](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started)



### Consensus



- [Consensus](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-consensus)

- [Proof of Stake](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/)

- [Proof of Work](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/)

- [Nakamoto Consensus](https://blockonomi.com/nakamoto-consensus/)



## The Future



- [Ethereum 2](https://ethereum.org/en/eth2/)



## Miscellaneous



- [DAOs](https://www.investopedia.com/tech/what-dao/)



# Lesson 1: [Welcome to Remix! Simple Storage](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/simple_storage)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/simple_storage



### Everything in this section can be read about in the [Solidity Documentation](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.6/index.html)



### [Remix](https://remix.ethereum.org/)



### Basic Solidity



- Versioning

- Compiling

- Contract Declaration

- [Types & Declaring Variables](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.6/types.html)

  - `uint256`, `int256`, `bool`, `string`, `address`, `bytes32`

- Default Initializations

- Comments

- Functions

- Deploying a Contract

- Calling a public state-changing Function

- [Visibility](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.7.3/contracts.html#visibility-and-getters)

- Scope

- View & Pure Functions

- Structs

- Intro to Storage

- Arrays - Dynamic & Fixed sized

- Compiler Errors and Warnings

- Memory

- Mappings

- SPDX License

- Recap



### Deploying to a "Live" network



- A testnet or mainnet

- [Find a faucet here](https://faucets.chain.link/)

- Connecting Metamask

- Interacting with Deployed Contracts

- The EVM



# Lesson 2: [Storage Factory](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/storage_factory)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/storage_factory



### Inheritance, Factory Pattern, and Interacting with External Contracts



- Factory Pattern

- Imports

- Deploy a Contract From a Contract

- Interact With a Deployed Contract

- Recap



# Lesson 3: [Fund Me](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/fund_me)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/fund_me



### Payable, msg.sender, msg.value, Units of Measure



- Payable

- [Wei/Gwei/Eth Converter](https://eth-converter.com/)

- msg.sender & msg.value



### Chainlink Oracles



- Decentralized Oracle Network Chainlink

  - Blockchains can't make API calls

  - Centralized Nodes are Points of Failure

- [data.chain.link](https://data.chain.link/)

- Getting External Data with Chainlink Oracles

  - [Chainlink](https://docs.chain.link/)

  - [Faucets and Contract Addresses](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/)

    - [Kovan](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/#kovan)

  - [Getting Price Information](https://docs.chain.link/docs/get-the-latest-price/)



### Importing from NPM and Advanced Solidity



- Decimals/Floating Point Numbers in Solidity

- latestRoundData

- Importing from NPM in Remix

- Interfaces

  - Introduction to ABIs

- [Getting Price Feed Addresses](https://docs.chain.link/docs/reference-contracts/)

- getPrice

- Tuples

  - Unused Tuple Variables

- Matching Units (WEI/GWEI/ETH)

- getConversionRate

- Matching Units (Continued)

- SafeMath & Integer Overflow

  - using keyword

  - [Libraries](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.6/contracts.html#libraries)

  - SafeMath PSA

- Setting a Threshold

- Require

- Revert

- Withdraw Function

- Transfer

- Balance

- this

- Contract Owners

- Constructor

- ==

- Modifiers

- Resetting

- for loop

- Array Length

- Forcing a Transaction

- Recap



# Lesson 4: [Web3.py Simple Storage](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/web3_py_simple_storage)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/web3_py_simple_storage



### Installing VSCode, Python, and Web3



- [Developer Bootcamp Setup Instructions (metamask, vscode, python, nodejs..)](https://chain.link/bootcamp/brownie-setup-instructions)

- [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/download)

- [VSCode Crash Course](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPqXP_kLzpo)

- Extensions

- Short Cuts:

  - [VSCode Shortcuts](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/getstarted/keybindings)

  - [VSCode MacOS Shortcuts](https://code.visualstudio.com/shortcuts/keyboard-shortcuts-macos.pdf)

- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/)

  - Install Troubleshooting

- Terminal

- Making a directory/Folder

- Opening the folder up with VSCode

- Creating a new file

- Syntax Highlights

- Remember to save!

- Setting linting compile version

- VSCode Solidity Settings

  - Formatting & Format on Save

  - Solidity Prettier

  - [Python Black](https://pypi.org/project/black/)

  - [pip](https://pypi.org/project/pip/)



### Our First Python Script with Web3.py - Deploying a Contract



- Reading our solidity file

- Running a Python Script in the Terminal

- [MaxOS Shortcuts](https://code.visualstudio.com/shortcuts/keyboard-shortcuts-macos.pdf)

- [Windows Shortcuts](https://code.visualstudio.com/shortcuts/keyboard-shortcuts-windows.pdf)

- [Linux Shortcuts](https://code.visualstudio.com/shortcuts/keyboard-shortcuts-linux.pdf)

- Compiling in Python

- [py-solc-x](https://pypi.org/project/py-solc-x/)

  - compile_standard

- Colorized Brackets

- JSON ABI

- Saving Compiled Code

- Formatting JSON

- Deploying in Python

  1. Get Bytecode

  2. Get ABI

  3. Choose Blockchain to Deploy To

  - Local Ganache Chain

    - [Ganache UI](https://www.trufflesuite.com/ganache)

    - [Ganache Command Line](https://github.com/trufflesuite/ganache-cli)

- [Web3.py](https://web3py.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)

- HTTP / RPC Provider

- Private Keys MUST start with "0x"

- Contract Object

- Building a Transaction

- Account Nonce

- Calling "Constructor"

- Transaction Parameters

- Signing the Transaction

- NEVER put your private key directly in your code

- [Setting Environment Variables (Windows, Linux, MacOS)](https://www.twilio.com/blog/2017/01/how-to-set-environment-variables.html)

  - [More on Windows Environment Variables](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqWDiu8a4gc&t=40s)

- Exported Environment Variables Only Last the Duration of the Shell/Terminal

- Private Key PSA

- .env file

- .gitignore

- Loading .env File in Python

  - [python-dotenv](https://pypi.org/project/python-dotenv/)

- Viewing our Transaction / Deployment in Ganache

- Waiting for Block Confirmations



### Interacting with Our Contract in Python & Web3.py



- 2 Things you always need

  1. Contract Address

  2. Contract ABI

- Getting address from transaction receipt

- Calling a view function with web3.py

  - Call vs Transact

- Updating State with Web3.py

- [ganache-cli](https://github.com/trufflesuite/ganache-cli)

  - Installing Ganache

    - [Install Nodejs](https://nodejs.org/en/)

    - [Install Yarn](https://classic.yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install)

- Working with ganache-cli

- Open a new terminal in the same window

- Deploying to a testnet

- [Infura](https://infura.io/)

- [Alchemy](https://www.alchemy.com/)

- Using Infura RPC URL / HTTP Provider

- [Chain Ids](https://chainlist.org/)

- Wow this seems like a lot of work... Is there a better way?



# Lesson 5: [Brownie Simple Storage](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/brownie_simple_storage)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/brownie_simple_storage



### Brownie Introduction



- Some Users:

  - https://yearn.finance/

  - https://curve.fi/

  - https://badger.finance/



### Installing Brownie



- [Installing Brownie](https://eth-brownie.readthedocs.io/en/stable/install.html)

  - Install pipx

  - pipx install eth-brownie

  - Testing Successful Install



### Brownie Simple Storage Project



- A new Brownie project with `brownie init`

  - Project Basic Explanation

- Adding `SimpleStorage.sol` to the `contracts` folder

- Compiling with `brownie compile`

- Brownie deploy script

  - `def main` is brownie's entry point

- brownie defaults to a `development` `ganache` chain that it creates

- Placing functions outside of the `main` function

- brownie `accounts`

  - 3 Ways to Add Accounts

    1. `accounts[0]`: Brownie's "default" ganache accounts

       - Only works for local ganache

    2. `accounts.load("...")`: Brownie's encrypted command line (MOST SECURE)

       - Run `brownie accounts new ` and enter your private key and a password

    3. `accounts.add(config["wallets"]["from_key"])`: Storing Private Keys as an environment variable, and pulling from our `brownie-config.yaml`

       - You'll need to add `dotenv: .env` to your `brownie-config.yaml` and have a `.env` file

- Importing a Contract

- Contract.Deploy

- View Function Call in Brownie

- State-Changing Function Call in Brownie / Contract Interaction

- `transaction.wait(1)`



### Testing Basics



- `test_simple_storage.py`

- Arrange, Act, Assert

- [`assert`](https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/assert.html)

- `brownie test`

- `test_updating_storage`

- [Pytest / Brownie Test Tips](https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/)

- Deploy to a Testnet

- `brownie networks list`

- Development vs Ethereum

  - Development is temporary

  - Ethereum networks persist

- RPC URL / HTTP Provider in Brownie

- The network flag

  - `list index out of range`

- `get_account()`

- `networks.show_active()`

- build/deployments

- Accessing previous deployments

- Interacting with contracts deployed in our brownie project



### [Brownie console]



- `brownie console`



# Lesson 6: [Brownie Fund Me](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/brownie_fund_me)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/brownie_fund_me



### Introduction



- Setup



### Dependencies, Deploying, and Networks



- Dependencies

- [chainlink-brownie-contracts](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink-brownie-contracts)

- remappings

- Deploy Script (V1)

- `helpful_scripts.py`

- `__init__.py`

- Deploy to Rinkeby

- Contract Verification (`publish_source`)

  - The Manual Way

    - "Flattening"

  - The Programmatic Way

    - Getting an [Etherscan API Key](https://etherscan.io/apis)

    - `ETHERSCAN_TOKEN`

  - Interacting with Etherscan

- Deploying to Local Chains

- Introduction to Mocking

- Constructor Parameters

- `networks` in our `brownie-config.yaml`

- Copying [Mock Contracts from chainlink-mix](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink-mix)

- Deploying and using our mock

- Refactoring

- Deploying to a persistent ganache

- brownie attach

- Adding a persistent brownie network

- resetting a network build



### Funding and Withdrawing Python Scripts



- Whoops! Let's fix an issue...

- Fund Script

- Withdraw Script



### Testing across networks



- `test_can_fund_and_withdraw`

- default networks

- pytest `pip install pytest`

- pytest.skip

- brownie exceptions

- `mainnet-fork`

- Custom mainnet fork

- Adding a development brownie network

  - `brownie networks add development mainnet-fork-dev cmd=ganache-cli host=http://127.0.0.1 fork='https://infura.io/v3/$WEB3_INFURA_PROJECT_ID' accounts=10 mnemonic=brownie port=8545`

- [Alchemy](https://www.alchemy.com/)

- `brownie test --network mainnet-fork`

- brownie ganache vs local ganache vs mainnet-fork vs testnet...



### Git



- [Installing Git](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git)

- Creating a repository

- [First time with git](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-First-Time-Git-Setup)

- [Adding our project to github](https://docs.github.com/en/github/importing-your-projects-to-github/importing-source-code-to-github/adding-an-existing-project-to-github-using-the-command-line)

- Tweet it out!



### Compatibility with Ganache UI



- `test_only_owner_can_withdraw()` gives below error if the selected network is Ganache UI::



```

E           ValueError: Execution reverted during call: 'VM Exception while processing transaction: revert'. This transaction will likely revert. If you wish to broadcast, include `allow_revert:True` as a transaction parameter.

```



[More information here.](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/114889/deploying-ganache-local-w-brownie-vm-exception-while-processing-transaction-in)



# Lesson 7: [SmartContract Lottery](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/smartcontract-lottery)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/smartcontract-lottery



[Chainlink VRF v1 docs](https://docs.chain.link/vrf/v1/examples/get-a-random-number)



### Introduction



- Add a `README.md`

- Defining the project

- Is it decentralized?



### `Lottery.sol`



- basic setup

- Main Functions

- address payable[]

- getEntranceFee & Setup

  - [Chainlink Price Feed](https://docs.chain.link/docs/get-the-latest-price/)

  - brownie-config

  - SPDX

- Matching Units of Measure

  - Can't just divide

- Test early and often

- Quick Math Sanity Check

- deleting networks

- [Alchemy](https://www.alchemy.com/) again

- Enum

- `startLottery`

- [Openzeppelin](https://openzeppelin.com/contracts/)... Is this the first openzeppelin reference?

- [Openzeppelin Contracts Github](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts)

- Randomness

- Pseudorandomness

- `block` keyword

  - `block.difficulty`

  - `block.timestamp`

- `keccack256`

- [True Randomness with Chainlink VRF](https://docs.chain.link/docs/get-a-random-number/)

- [VRFConsumerBase.sol](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/blob/develop/contracts/src/v0.8/vrf/VRFConsumerBase.sol)

- Chainlink VRF Remix Version

- Inheriting Constructors

- Oracle Gas & Transaction Gas

- [Why didn't we pay gas on the price feeds?](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/87473/is-chainlinks-price-reference-data-free-to-consume)

- Chainlink Node Fees

- [Request And Receive Introduction](https://docs.chain.link/docs/architecture-request-model/)

- [Kovan Faucets](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/#kovan)

- Funding Chainlink Contracts

- [Request And Receive Explanation](https://docs.chain.link/docs/architecture-request-model/)

- A Clarification

- `endLottery`

- `returns (type variableName)`

- `fulfillRandomness`

- `override`

- Modulo Operation (Mod Operation %)

- Paying the lottery winner

- Resetting the lottery



### Testing Lottery.sol



- `deploy_lottery.py`

- `get_account()` refactored

- `get_contract`

  - `contract_to_mock`

  - `Contract.from_abi`

- Adding the parameters to deploying to lottery

- `vrfCoordinatorMock` and adding mocks

- `LinkToken` and Mocks

- Successful Ganache Deployment!

- Python Lottery Scripts/Functions

  - `start_lottery`

  - Brownie tip: Remember to `tx.wait(1)` your last transaction

  - `enter_lottery`

  - `end_lottery`

- Funding with LINK

- brownie interfaces

- Waiting for callback

- Integration Tests & Unit Tests

- Test all lines of code

- `test_get_entrance_fee`

- `pytest.skip` (again)

- `test_cant_enter_unless_started`

- `test_can_start_and_enter_lottery`

- `test_can_pick_winner_correctly`

- Events and Logs

- `callBackWithRandomness`



### Lottery.sol Testnet Deployment



- `topics`

- [conftest.py](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34466027/in-pytest-what-is-the-use-of-conftest-py-files)



# Lesson 8: [Chainlink Mix](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink-mix)



💻 Code: https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink-mix



## [Brownie Mixes](https://github.com/brownie-mix)



# Lesson 9: [ERC20s, EIPs, and Token Standards](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/erc20-brownie-py)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/erc20-brownie-py



- [ERC20/EIP20 Standard](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20)

- What is an ERC20?

- Creating an ERC20

- [OpenZeppelin ERC20](https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/2.x/api/token/erc20)

- [Solidity 0.8](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/breaking/080-breaking-changes.html)

- I Challenge you to code this yourself!

- `deploy_token.py`

- Copy paste `helpful_scripts.py`

- Viewing our token in metamask

- Adding to an exchange



# Lesson 10: [Defi & Aave](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py_freecode)



\*NOTE: This repo is now archived as kovan is no longer supported. You can still follow along with the learning, but know the code may not work the same on a different testnet.



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py_freecode



### Defi Intro



- [Defipulse](https://defipulse.com/)

- [Defillama](https://defillama.com/)

- [Aave Testnet Site](https://staging.aave.com/)

- [Paraswap](https://paraswap.io/)

- Decentralized Exchange



### Aave UI



- [Kovan ETH](https://docs.chain.link/docs/link-token-contracts/#kovan)

- What is Aave?

- Borrowing and Lending

- Connecting to Aave

- Depositing Tokens / Lending

- Checking your transaction is correct

- WETH Gateway

- Interest Bearing Token (aToken)

- Collateral

- [DAI](https://makerdao.com/en/)

- [Stablecoin](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stablecoin.asp)

- [Wrapped Bitcoin (wBTC)](https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/wrapped-bitcoin-what-can-you-do)

- [Why borrow tokens?](https://docs.aave.com/faq/borrowing)

- [Blockchain Fintech Tutorial](https://blog.chain.link/blockchain-fintech-defi-tutorial-lending-borrowing-python/)

- DISCLAIMER ABOUT BORROWING

- Borrowing Tokens

- [Liquidations](https://docs.aave.com/faq/liquidations)

- Your health factor must be above 1

- [Solvent](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/solvency.asp)

- [Stable vs Variable Interest Rate](https://docs.aave.com/faq/borrowing#what-is-the-difference-between-stable-and-variable-rate)

- Repaying our borrows/loans

- Reward token / governance token

- Governance



### [Programmatic Interactions with Aave](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py_freecode)



- Quant Defi Engineer

- [Aave Documentation](https://docs.aave.com/developers/)

- Setup

- Converting ETH -> WETH

- `get_weth.py`

- [IWETH](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py/blob/main/interfaces/WethInterface.sol)

- [Kovan WETH Token Address: 0xd0a1e359811322d97991e03f863a0c30c2cf029c](https://kovan.etherscan.io/token/0xd0a1e359811322d97991e03f863a0c30c2cf029c)

- [Mainnet WETH Token Address: 0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2](https://etherscan.io/token/0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2)

- Converting WETH -> ETH with `withdraw`

- `aave_borrow.py`

- [LendingPool](https://docs.aave.com/developers/the-core-protocol/lendingpool)

- [LendingPoolAddressProvider](https://docs.aave.com/developers/the-core-protocol/addresses-provider)

- [LendingPool and LendingPoolAddressProvider Addresses](https://docs.aave.com/developers/deployed-contracts/deployed-contracts)

- Fixing import dependencies

- [Aave Github](https://github.com/aave/protocol-v2)

- [ERC20 Approve Function](https://medium.com/ethex-market/erc20-approve-allow-explained-88d6de921ce9)

- [IERC20 from Patrick's repo](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py/blob/main/interfaces/IERC20.sol)

- `deposit`

- [getUserAccountData](https://docs.aave.com/developers/the-core-protocol/lendingpool#getuseraccountdata)

- Liquidation Threshold

- [Risk Parameters](https://docs.aave.com/risk/asset-risk/risk-parameters)

- Borrowing DAI

- Getting DAI Conversion Rate

  - [Chainlink Price Feeds](https://docs.chain.link/docs/reference-contracts/)

  - [AggregatorV3Interface](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/aave_brownie_py/blob/main/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol)

- [borrow](https://docs.aave.com/developers/the-core-protocol/lendingpool#borrow)

- [Mainnet DAI Address: 0x6b175474e89094c44da98b954eedeac495271d0f](https://etherscan.io/token/0x6b175474e89094c44da98b954eedeac495271d0f)

- [Aave Testnet Token Addresses](https://aave.github.io/aave-addresses/kovan.json)

- Repaying

- Kovan Run

- Viewing the transactions



### Testing



# Lesson 11: [NFTs](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/nft-demo)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/nft-demo



### Non-Technical Explainer



- [End-to-end article](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-make-an-nft-and-render-on-opensea-marketplace/)

- What is an NFT?

- [ERC721](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721)

- Token URI

- [Token Metadata Example](https://docs.opensea.io/docs/2-adding-metadata)

- [IPFS](https://ipfs.io/)



### Simple NFT



- [brownie mix](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/nft-mix)

- Initial Setup

- `SimpleCollectible.sol`

- [OpenZeppelin ERC721](https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/3.x/)

- [Pug Image](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/nft-mix/blob/main/img/pug.png)

- NFT Constructor

- NFT is a type of factory pattern

- `createCollectible`

  - `_safeMint`

- TokenURI & Metadata

- Opensea listing example

- Is this decentralized?

- Ethereum Size and dStorage

  - [Ethereum Size](https://ycharts.com/indicators/ethereum_chain_full_sync_data_size)

  - [dStorage Solutions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/storage/)

  - [IPFS](https://www.ipfs.com/)

- You need to have your NFT attributes both on-chain and inside your tokenURI metadata

- `deploy_and_create.py`

- [TokenURI used for the demo: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/Qmd9MCGtdVz2miNumBHDbvj8bigSgTwnr4SbyH6DNnpWdt?filename=0-PUG.json](https://ipfs.io/ipfs/Qmd9MCGtdVz2miNumBHDbvj8bigSgTwnr4SbyH6DNnpWdt?filename=0-PUG.json)

- [IPFS Companion](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ipfs-companion/nibjojkomfdiaoajekhjakgkdhaomnch?hl=en)

- Rinkeby Deployment

- [Opensea Example](https://testnets.opensea.io/assets/0x8acb7ca932892eb83e4411b59309d44dddbc4cdf/0)



### SimpleCollectible Testing



- What else with NFTs?



### Advanced NFT



- `AdvancedCollectible.sol`

- [Dungeons and Dragons Example](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/dungeons-and-dragons-nft)

- Double Inherited Constructors

- `createCollectible` (Advanced)

  - `tokenIdToBreed`

- Working with in-flight Chainlink VRF requests

- Download the NFT images from the [nft-mix](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/nft-mix)

- `setTokenURI`

  - `_isApprovedOrOwner`

- Emit events when you update mappings

- [`indexed` event keyword](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/8658/what-does-the-indexed-keyword-do/8659)



### Advanced deploy_and_create



- Move `OPENSEA_URL` to `helpful_scripts`

- Deploying AdvancedCollectible

  - Opensea testnet is only compatible with Rinkeby

- [Rinkeby Chainlink VRF Contract Addresses](https://docs.chain.link/docs/vrf-contracts/#rinkeby)

- Speeding through adding functions from previous projects

- Deploy to Rinkeby

- `create_collectible.py`

- A quick unit test

- A quick integration test



### Creating Metadata & IPFS



- `create_metadata.py`

- `get_breed`

- Metadata Folder

- `metadata_template`

- NFT Metadata Attributes

- Checking if Metadata file already exists

- Uploading to IPFS

  - `upload_to_ipfs`

  - [Download IPFS Command Line](https://docs.ipfs.io/install/command-line/)

  - [Download IPFS Desktop](https://docs.ipfs.io/install/ipfs-desktop/)

  - [HTTP IPFS Docs](https://docs.ipfs.io/reference/http/api/)

  - `ipfs daemon`

  - [Pinata](https://app.pinata.cloud/)

  - [Pinata Docs](https://docs.pinata.cloud/)

  - Refactoring to not re-upload to IPFS

- Setting the TokenURI

- End-To-End Manual Testnet Test

- Viewing on Opensea



# Lesson 12: [Upgrades](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/upgrades-mix)



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/upgrades-mix



### Introduction to upgrading smart contracts



- [Original Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdXJmWajZRY)

- Smart Contracts can be upgraded!

- Does this mean they are not immutable?

- [Trail of Bits on Upgradeable Smart Contracts](https://blog.trailofbits.com/2018/09/05/contract-upgrade-anti-patterns/)

- The "Not Really Upgrading" / Parameterization Method

- The Social Yeet / Migration Method

- [Contract Migration](https://blog.trailofbits.com/2018/10/29/how-contract-migration-works/)

- Proxies

  - DelegateCall

  - Terminology:

    - Implementation Contract

    - Proxy Contract

    - User

    - Admin

  - Gotchas:

    - Storage Clashes

    - Function Selector

    - Function Selector Clashes

  - Proxy Patterns:

    - [Transparent Proxy Pattern](https://blog.openzeppelin.com/the-transparent-proxy-pattern/)

    - [Universal Upgrade Proxy Standard](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1822)

    - [Diamond/Multi-Facet Proxy](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2535)



### Upgrades-mix and code



- Setup

- `Box.sol`

- `BoxV2.sol`

- Getting the proxy contracts

- [Openzeppelin Proxy Github](https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/tree/master/contracts/proxy/transparent)

- `01_deploy_box.py`

- Hooking up a proxy to our implementation contract

- (Optional) [Creating a Gnosis Safe](https://help.gnosis-safe.io/en/articles/3876461-create-a-safe)

- Initializers

- Encoding Initializer Function

- Assigning ABI to a proxy

- Running the script

- Upgrade Python Function



### Testing Upgrades



- Testing our proxy

- Testing our upgrades



### Upgrades on a testnet



# Bonus Lesson 13: [Full Stack Defi](https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/defi-stake-yield-brownie-freecode)



_Note: This section is archived as kovan is now deprecated. If you're looking to learn more Full-stack, check out the full stack portions of the hardhat/javascript video._



_Link to hardhat/javascript video with more full-stack examples: https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-js_



💻 Code: https://github.com/PatrickAlphaC/defi-stake-yield-brownie-freecode



- [FreeCodeCamp React](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/tag/react/)

- What are we building?

- Setup

- `DappToken.sol`

- `TokenFarm.sol`

  - `tokenIsAllowed`

  - `addAllowedTokens`

  - mapping of a mapping

  - `stakeTokens`

  - `issueTokens`

  - `getUserTotalValue`

  - `getUserSingleTokenValue`

  - `getTokenValue`

  - `setPriceFeedContract`

  - `unStakeTokens`

  - Can this be reentrancy attacked?



### Defi Stake Yield Brownie Scripts & Tests



- `deploy.py`

  - Deploying DappToken

  - Deploying TokenFarm

  - Adding allowed tokens

- [ERC20 Kovan Faucet](https://erc20faucet.com/)

  - If the link above does not work, you can get another ERC20 token using this faucet: [Weenus ERC20 Faucet](https://github.com/bokkypoobah/WeenusTokenFaucet)

- Mocking our ERC20s



### Testing our Defi Stake Yield Brownie Dapp



- `test_set_price_feed_contract`

- `test_stake_tokens`

- Fixtures

- `test_issue_tokens`

- Now you try on tests!



### Front End / Full Stack



- Front End Introduction

- Typescript

- [React](https://reactjs.org/)

- [useDapp](https://usedapp.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)

- [npx](https://www.npmjs.com/package/npx)

- [yarn](https://classic.yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install/)

- `create-react-app`

  - Layout

- [Testing Front End](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/testing-react-hooks/)

- yarn && yarn start

- Connecting our wallets

  - Install useDapp

  - Header Component

  - Connect Button

- [Material-UI](https://material-ui.com/)

- Making our button nicer

- `Main.tsx`

  - Sending `brownie-config` & `build` folder to our UI

  - Helper Config

  - TypeScript error suppression

  - Getting addresses

  - [Ethers](https://docs.ethers.io/v5/)

  - Only support kovan

- `YourWallet`

  - `supportedTokens`

  - State Hooks

  - Showing tokens

  - `WalletBalance`

  - [`ethersproject/units`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@ethersproject/units)

  - `BalanceMsg`

  - Stake Form

  - Calling `approve`

  - `useContractFunction`

  - `useEffect`

  - Notifications

  - Make it pretty

  - Alerts



Shoutout to [Matt](https://twitter.com/mdurkin92) for the help on the front end!



# Closing and Summary



## Security



- [Best Practices](https://consensys.github.io/smart-contract-best-practices/)

- [Attacks](https://consensys.github.io/smart-contract-best-practices/attacks/)

  - [Oracle Attacks](https://hackernoon.com/how-dollar100m-got-stolen-from-defi-in-2021-price-oracle-manipulation-and-flash-loan-attacks-explained-3n6q33r1)

  - [Re-entrancy Attacks](https://quantstamp.com/blog/what-is-a-re-entrancy-attack)

- [Damn Vulnerable Defi](https://www.damnvulnerabledefi.xyz/)

- [Ethernaut](https://ethernaut.openzeppelin.com/)

- Some Auditors

  - [OpenZeppelin](https://openzeppelin.com/)

  - [SigmaPrime](https://sigmaprime.io/)

  - [Trail of Bits](https://www.trailofbits.com/)



## Where do I go now?



### Learning More



- [CryptoZombies](https://cryptozombies.io/)

- [Dapp University](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY0xL8V6NzzFcwzHCgB8orQ)

- [ChainShot](https://www.chainshot.com/courses)

- [Ivan on Tech](https://academy.ivanontech.com/)

- [Eat the Blocks](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZM8XQjNOyG2ElPpEUtNasA)

- [Patrick Collins](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCn-3f8tw_E1jZvhuHatROwA)

- [Austin Griffith](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_HI2i2peo1A-STdG22GFsA)

- [Nader Dabit](https://www.youtube.com/user/boyindasouth)

- [Ethereum.org](https://ethereum.org/en/)



### Community



- Twitter

- [Brownie Discord](https://discord.gg/9zk7snTfWe)

- [Ethereum Discord](https://ethereum.org/en/)

- [Chainlink Discord](https://discord.gg/2YHSAey)

- [Reddit ethdev](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethdev/)



### Hackathons



- [CL Hackathon](https://chain.link/hackathon)

- [ETH Global](https://ethglobal.co/)

- [ETH India](https://twitter.com/ETHIndiaco)



Be sure to check out project grant programs!



### Vyper



[From solidity course to vyper](https://github.com/chalex-eth/From-solidity-course-to-vyper-py)



And make today an amazing day!