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https://github.com/tafara-n/alx-system_engineering-devops

Introduction to Linux: On Ubuntu.
https://github.com/tafara-n/alx-system_engineering-devops

api application-server attack-is-the-best-defense configuration-management firewall http-ssl load-balancer loops-conditions-and-parsing network-basics processes-and-signals regular-expressions shell-basics shell-permissions shell-redirections shell-variable-expansions ssh web-infrastructure-design web-server web-stack-debugging webstack-monitoring

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Introduction to Linux: On Ubuntu.

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README 

        
# Introduction to Linux: On Ubuntu.



## Table of Content

- [Author](#author)

- [Description](#about-bash-projects)

___



- [API](0x15-api/README.md)

- [API: Advanced](0x16-api_advanced/README.md)

- [Application Server](0x1A-application_server/README.md)

- [Attack Is The Best Defense](attack_is_the_best_defense/README.md)

- [Command Line For The Win](command_line_for_the_win/README.md)

- [Configuration Management](0x0A-configuration_management/README.md)

- [Firewall](0x13-firewall/README.md)

- [HTTPS and SSL](0x10-https_ssl/README.md)

- [Load Balancer](0x0F-load_balancer/README.md)

- [Loops, Conditions And Parsing](0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/README.md)

- [MySQL](0x14-mysql/README.md)

- [Networking Basics: I](0x07-networking_basics/README.md)

- [Networking Basics: II](0x08-networking_basics_2/README.md)

- [Processes And Signals](0x05-processes_and_signals/README.md)

- [Postmortem](0x19-postmortem/README.md)

- [Regular Expressions](0x06-regular_expressions/README.md)

- [SSH](0x0B-ssh/README.md)

- [Shell: Basics](0x00-shell_basics/README.md)

- [Shell: Permissions](0x01-shell_permissions/README.md)

- [Shell: Redirections](0x02-shell_redirections/README.md)

- [Shell: Variables and Expansion](0x03-shell_variables_expansions/README.md)

- [Web Infrastructure Design](0x09-web_infrastructure_design/README.md)

- [Web Server](0x0C-web_server/README.md)

- [Web Stack Debugging](0x0D-web_stack_debugging_0/README.md)

- [Web Stack Debugging: I](0x0E-web_stack_debugging_1/README.md)

- [Web Stack Debugging: II](0x12-web_stack_debugging_2/README.md)

- [Web Stack Debugging: III](0x17-web_stack_debugging_3/README.md)

- [Web Stack Debugging: IV](0x1B-web_stack_debugging_4/README.md)

- [Web Stack Monitoring](0x18-webstack_monitoring/README.md)

- [What Happens When You Type `google.com` In Your Browser and Press `Enter`](0x11-what_happens_when_your_type_google_com_in_your_browser_and_press_enter/README.md)

___



# About Bash projects



Unless stated, all your projects will be auto-corrected with Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.



### Concepts



*For this project, we expect you to look at this concept:*



- [Struggling with the sandbox? Try this: Using Docker & WSL on your local host](https://intranet.alxswe.com/concepts/100039)



![RTFM](image.jpg)



# Resources



**Read or watch:**

- [What Is “The Shell”?](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0010.php)

- [Navigation](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0020.php)

- [Looking Around](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0030.php)

- [A Guided Tour](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0040.php)

- [Manipulating Files](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0050.php)

- [Working With Commands](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0060.php)

- [Reading Man pages](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_man_pages/man1.html)

- [Keyboard shortcuts for Bash](https://www.howtogeek.com/181/keyboard-shortcuts-for-bash-command-shell-for-ubuntu-debian-suse-redhat-linux-etc/)

- [LTS](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS)

- [Shebang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29)



## man or help:

- `cd`

- `ls`

- `pwd`

- `less`

- `file`

- `ln`

- `cp`

- `mv`

- `rm`

- `mkdir`

- `type`

- `which`

- `help`

- `man`



# Learning Objectives

At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to [explain to anyone](https://fs.blog/feynman-learning-technique/), **without the help of Google:**



## General

- What does RTFM mean?

- What is a Shebang



## What is the Shell

- What is the shell

- What is the difference between a terminal and a shell

- What is the shell prompt

- How to use the history (the basics)



## Navigation

- What do the commands or built-ins `cd`, `pwd`, `ls` do

- How to navigate the filesystem

- What are the . and .. directories

- What is the working directory, how to print it and how to change it

- What is the root directory

- What is the home directory, and how to go there

- What is the difference between the root directory and the home directory of the user root

- What are the characteristics of hidden files and how to list them

- What does the command `cd -` do



## Looking Around

- What do the commands `ls`, `less`, `file` do

- How do you use options and arguments with commands

- Understand the ls long format and how to display it

- [A Guided Tour](https://linuxcommand.org/lc3_lts0040.php)

- What does the `ln` command do

- What do you find in the most common/important directories

- What is a symbolic link

- What is a hard link

- What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link



## Manipulating Files

- What do the commands `cp`, `mv`, `rm`, `mkdir` do

- What are wildcards and how do they work

- How to use wildcards



## Working with Commands

- What do `type`, `which`, `help`, `man` commands do

- What are the different kinds of commands

- What is an alias

- When do you use the command help instead of man



## Reading Man Pages

- How to read a man page

- What are man page sections

- What are the section numbers for User commands, System calls and Library functions



## Keyboard Shortcuts for Bash

- Common shortcuts for Bash



## LTS

- What does `LTS` mean?



# Requirements



## General

- Allowed editors: `vi`, `vim`, `emacs`

- All your scripts will be tested on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS

- All your scripts should be exactly two lines long (`$ wc -l file` should print 2)

- All your files should end with a new line ([why?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/18743/whats-the-point-in-adding-a-new-line-to-the-end-of-a-file/18789))

- The first line of all your files should be exactly `#!/bin/bash`

- A `README.md` file at the root of the repo, containing a description of the repository

- A `README.md` file, at the root of the folder of this project, describing what each script is doing

- You are not allowed to use backticks, `&&`, `||` or `;`

- All your scripts must be executable. To make your file executable, use the `chmod` command: `chmod u+x file`. Later, we’ll learn more about how to utilize this command.



# More Info



*Example of line count and first line*



```bash

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ wc -l 12-file_type

2 12-file_type

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ head -n 1 12-file_type

#!/bin/bash

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$

```



In order to test your scripts, you will need to use this command: `chmod u+x file`. We will see later what does `chmod` mean and do, but you can have a look at `man chmod` if you are curious.



*Example*



```bash

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ ls

12-file_type

lll

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ ls -la lll

-rw-rw-r-- 1 julien julien 15 Sep 19 21:05 lll

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ cat lll

#!/bin/bash

ls

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ ls -l lll

-rw-rw-r-- 1 julien julien 15 Sep 19 21:05 lll

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ chmod u+x lll # you do not have to understand this yet

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ ls -l lll

-rwxrw-r-- 1 julien julien 15 Sep 19 21:05 lll

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$ ./lll

12-file_type

lll

julien@ubuntu:/tmp$

```



## Author



**Tafara Nyamhunga - [Github](https://github.com/tafara-n) / [Twitter](https://twitter.com/tafaranyamhunga)**