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https://github.com/techrootify/cybersecurity-and-information-security-overview

Cybersecurity & Information Security Overview.
https://github.com/techrootify/cybersecurity-and-information-security-overview

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Cybersecurity & Information Security Overview.

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# Cybersecurity-and-Information-Security-Overview



Cybersecurity & Information Security Overview

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Fundamentals of Data & System Security:

- Hardware: Understanding physical components of a system.

- Operating Systems: Key OS platforms like Kali Linux (Debian 64), Windows, and Linux.

- Networking: Basics of network structures and protocols.

- Servers: Hardware and server OS configurations.

- Network Security: Securing network devices (routers, switches, modems).

- Linux Security: Protection for web servers, FTP servers, DNS servers.

- Web Security: Website protection and common cyberattacks.

- OS-Based Security: Linux and Windows security measures.

- Mobile & Cyber Forensics: Investigating digital threats.

- Programming: Python, DevOps, Cloud, and Automation.



Computer Fundamentals

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Understanding Computers:

- A computer is an electronic device that processes input to generate output.

- Origin: The Greek word "compute" means "to calculate."

- Charles Babbage is considered the "Father of Modern Computers."

- Computers operate using binary (0,1):

  - 0 = OFF

  - 1 = ON



Storage & Number Systems:

- Storage Basics:

  - 1 Byte = 8 Bits

  - 1 KB = 1024 Bytes

  - 1 MB = 1024 KB

  - 1 GB = 1024 MB

  - 1 TB = 1024 GB

  - 1 PB = 1024 TB



- Number Systems:

  - Decimal (Base 10): 0–9

  - Binary (Base 2): 0,1

  - Octal (Base 8): 0–7

  - Hexadecimal (Base 16): 0–9, A–F



Characteristics of Computers:

1. Speed: Measured in hertz (Hz) – oscillations per second.

2. Storage: Defined by bytes, nibbles, and partitions.

3. Diligence: Computers do not get tired or refuse to operate.

4. Accuracy: High precision in computations.



Computer Generations

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1st Generation (1946-1959): Vacuum tubes (e.g., ENIAC).

2nd Generation (1959-1965): Transistors (e.g., IBM machines).

3rd Generation (1965-1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs).

4th Generation (1972-2010): Microprocessors (Microsoft, Apple, Google).

5th Generation (2010–Present): AI-driven computing (i3, i5, i7).



Networking (N+)

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Network Basics:

- A network is a connection between two or more devices for communication and resource sharing.

- Types of Networks:

  - LAN (Local Area Network) – Small geographical area (office, lab).

  - WAN (Wide Area Network) – Large-scale networking (Internet, ISP-based).

  - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – City-wide connectivity.



Network Topologies:

- Bus – Simple, cost-effective, but network failure if cable is damaged.

- Ring – Data flows in a circular fashion, reliable but not scalable.

- Star – Centralized hub, easy troubleshooting, but costly.

- Tree – Hybrid of bus & star, scalable but complex.

- Mesh – Each device connects to every other, reliable but expensive.

- Hybrid – Combination of multiple topologies, flexible but difficult to manage.



Network Devices:

- NIC (Network Interface Card): Provides network connectivity.

- Repeater: Amplifies signals for long-distance transmission.

- Hub & Switch: Connects multiple devices in a network.

- Router: Manages network traffic, creates routing tables.

- Modem: Converts analog signals to digital and vice versa.

- Firewall: Secures network from unauthorized access.



IP Addressing & Subnetting

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Types of IP Addresses:

- Public IP – Used for internet access, assigned by ISPs.

- Private IP – Used within local networks (LAN).



IP Address Classes:

Class A: 0.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255 (Large networks)

Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 (Medium networks)

Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 (Small networks)

Class D: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 (Multicasting)

Class E: 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 (Research)



Subnet Mask & CIDR:

- Subnet Mask: Defines network vs. host portion.

- CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): Notation like /24 specifies subnet size.



IPv4 vs. IPv6:

- IPv4: 32-bit, limited address space.

- IPv6: 128-bit, uses hexadecimal notation, supports auto-configuration.



Ports & Protocols:

- Well-Known Ports (0-1023):

  - HTTP (80), HTTPS (443) – Web services.

  - DNS (53) – Domain Name System.

  - FTP (20,21) – File Transfer Protocol.

  - SSH (22) – Secure Shell for remote login.

  - SMTP (25), POP3 (110), IMAP (143) – Email protocols.



Transport Protocols:

- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Reliable, connection-oriented.

- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – Fast, connectionless, used in DNS/DHCP.



Computer Hardware Components:

- Storage Devices:

  - HDD (Hard Disk Drive) – Traditional, mechanical storage.

  - SSD (Solid State Drive) – Faster, uses flash memory.

  - External Storage – USB drives, wireless HDDs.



- Motherboard Components:

  - CPU Socket – Holds the processor.

  - RAM Slots – For system memory.

  - BIOS/ROM – Stores firmware settings.

  - CMOS Battery – Maintains BIOS settings.

  - SATA/PATA Ports – Connect HDD/SSD drives.

  - Power Connector – Supplies power to the system.

  - PCI Slots – Used for expansion cards.



- Input/Output Devices:

  - Input: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick.

  - Output: Monitor, Printer, Speaker.

  - Ports:

    - USB – Universal connectivity.

    - HDMI – High-definition video output.

    - LAN (Ethernet) – Wired networking.

    - PS2 – Legacy mouse/keyboard connection.



Booting Process:

1. Power-On – CPU initializes BIOS.

2. POST (Power-On Self-Test) – Hardware diagnostics.

3. OS Boot Process – BIOS loads OS from HDD via MBR.

4. Loading System Files – OS loads necessary components into RAM.



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