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https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview

A (partial) Python rewriting of PowerSploit's PowerView
https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview

active-directory linux pentest python reconnaissance

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A (partial) Python rewriting of PowerSploit's PowerView

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# PywerView

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     |  __/| |_| |\ V  V /  __/ |   \ V / | |  __/\ V  V /

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A (partial) Python rewriting of [PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit)'s

[PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Recon).



Fork me on [GitHub](https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview).



[![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/the-useless-one/pywerview)](https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview/blob/master/LICENSE)

![Python versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pywerview)

[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/the-useless-one/pywerview)](https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview/releases/latest)

[![PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pywerview)](https://pypi.org/project/pywerview/)



## HISTORY



As a pentester, I love using PowerView during my assignments. It makes it so

easy to find vulnerable machines, or list what domain users were added to the

local Administrators group of a machine, and much more.



However, running PowerView on a computer which is not connected to the domain

is a pain: I always find myself using [mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/)'s

`sekurlsa::pth` to run a Powershell prompt with stolen domain credentials, and

that's not easy to script. Plus, I'm a Linux guy and I've always found it a

shame that there were no complete Windows/Active Directory enumeration tool on

Linux.



That's why I decided to rewrite some of PowerView's functionalities in Python,

using the wonderful [impacket](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket)

library.



*Update:* I haven't tested the last version of PowerView yet, which can run

from a machine not connected to a domain. I don't know if it works correctly

under Linux using Powershell. If anyone has had any experience with this at all,

you can contact me, I'm really interested. We'll see if pywerview has become

obsoleted ;) but I think I'll continue working on it eitherway: I'd still

rather use Python than Powershell on Linux, and I'm learning a lot! Plus, it

may integrated in existing Linux tools written in Python. It's still great news

that PowerView now supports machines not connected to the domain!



## DISCLAIMER



This tool is far from complete (as you'll see in the [TODO](#todo) section)! I

still have a lot more awesome PowerView functionalities to implement (the user

hunting functions, the GPO functions, the local process enumeration, etc.),

but I still think it can be useful as is.



It's also (very) possible that there are (many) bugs in the code: I've only

tested the simplest test cases. If you use this tool during an assignment and

you get an error, please, open an issue with the error and the conditions that

triggered this error.



Also, blah blah blah, don't use it for evil purposes.



## REQUIREMENTS



* Python 3.6

* impacket >= [db71504](https://github.com/fortra/impacket/commit/db71504529008bdbdd900549f6e4293be2e32c88)

* ldap3-bleeding-edge

* gssapi (Which requires `libkrb5-dev`)

* pycryptodomex (or pycryptodome)



## FUNCTIONALITIES



If you like living on the bleeding edge, check out the

[development branch](https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview/tree/develop).



Here's the list of available commands:



    $ ./pywerview.py --help

    usage: pywerview.py [-h]

                        {get-adobject,get-objectowner,get-netgmsa,get-netsmsa,get-objectacl,get-netuser,get-netgroup,get-netcomputer,get-netdomaincontroller,get-netfileserver,get-dfsshare,get-netou,get-netsite,get-netsubnet,get-netdomaintrust,get-netgpo,get-netpso,get-domainpolicy,get-gpttmpl,get-netgpogroup,find-gpocomputeradmin,find-gpolocation,get-netgroupmember,get-netsession,get-localdisks,get-netdomain,get-netshare,get-netloggedon,get-netlocalgroup,invoke-checklocaladminaccess,get-netprocess,get-userevent,invoke-userhunter,invoke-processhunter,invoke-eventhunter}

                        ...



    Rewriting of some PowerView's functionalities in Python



    options:

      -h, --help            show this help message and exit



    Subcommands:

      Available subcommands



      {get-adobject,get-objectowner,get-netgmsa,get-netsmsa,get-objectacl,get-netuser,get-netgroup,get-netcomputer,get-netdomaincontroller,get-netfileserver,get-dfsshare,get-netou,get-netsite,get-netsubnet,get-netdomaintrust,get-netgpo,get-netpso,get-domainpolicy,get-gpttmpl,get-netgpogroup,find-gpocomputeradmin,find-gpolocation,get-netgroupmember,get-netsession,get-localdisks,get-netdomain,get-netshare,get-netloggedon,get-netlocalgroup,invoke-checklocaladminaccess,get-netprocess,get-userevent,invoke-userhunter,invoke-processhunter,invoke-eventhunter}

        get-adobject        Takes a domain SID, samAccountName or name, and return the associated object

        get-objectowner     Takes a domain SID, samAccountName or name, and return the associated object owner

        get-netgmsa         Returns a list of all the gMSA of the specified domain. To retrieve passwords, you need a privileged account and a TLS connection to the LDAP server (use the --tls switch).

        get-netsmsa         Returns a list of all the sMSA of the specified domain.

        get-objectacl       Takes a domain SID, samAccountName or name, and return the ACL of the associated object

        get-netuser         Queries information about a domain user

        get-netgroup        Get a list of all current domain groups, or a list of groups a domain user is member of

        get-netcomputer     Queries informations about domain computers

        get-netdomaincontroller

                            Get a list of domain controllers for the given domain

        get-netfileserver   Return a list of file servers, extracted from the domain users' homeDirectory, scriptPath, and profilePath fields

        get-dfsshare        Return a list of all fault tolerant distributed file systems for a given domain

        get-netou           Get a list of all current OUs in the domain

        get-netsite         Get a list of all current sites in the domain

        get-netsubnet       Get a list of all current subnets in the domain

        get-netdomaintrust  Returns a list of all the trusts of the specified domain

        get-netgpo          Get a list of all current GPOs in the domain

        get-netpso          Get a list of all current PSOs in the domain

        get-domainpolicy    Returns the default domain or DC policy for the queried domain or DC

        get-gpttmpl         Helper to parse a GptTmpl.inf policy file path into a custom object

        get-netgpogroup     Parses all GPOs in the domain that set "Restricted Group" or "Groups.xml"

        find-gpocomputeradmin

                            Takes a computer (or OU) and determine who has administrative access to it via GPO

        find-gpolocation    Takes a username or a group name and determine the computers it has administrative access to via GPO

        get-netgroupmember  Return a list of members of a domain group

        get-netsession      Queries a host to return a list of active sessions on the host (you can use local credentials instead of domain credentials)

        get-localdisks      Queries a host to return a list of active disks on the host (you can use local credentials instead of domain credentials)

        get-netdomain       Queries a host for available domains

        get-netshare        Queries a host to return a list of available shares on the host (you can use local credentials instead of domain credentials)

        get-netloggedon     This function will execute the NetWkstaUserEnum RPC call to query a given host for actively logged on users

        get-netlocalgroup   Gets a list of members of a local group on a machine, or returns every local group. You can use local credentials instead of domain credentials, however, domain credentials are needed

                            to resolve domain SIDs.

        invoke-checklocaladminaccess

                            Checks if the given user has local admin access on the given host

        get-netprocess      This function will execute the 'Select * from Win32_Process' WMI query to a given host for a list of executed process

        get-userevent       This function will execute the 'SELECT * from Win32_NTLogEvent' WMI query to a given host for a list of executed process

        invoke-userhunter   Finds which machines domain users are logged into

        invoke-processhunter

                            Searches machines for processes with specific name, or ran by specific users

        invoke-eventhunter  Searches machines for events with specific name, or ran by specific users



Take a look at the [wiki](https://github.com/the-useless-one/pywerview/wiki) to

see a more detailed usage of every command.



*Attention:* in every command, the used domain name must be the post-Win2k UPN,

and not the Win2k compatible name.



For example, my domain name is `uselessdomain.local`. The Win2K compatible name

is `USELESSDOMAIN`. In every command,  I must use __`uselessdomain.local`__ as

an argument, and __not__ `USELESSDOMAIN`.



## GLOBAL ARGUMENTS



### Logging



You can provide a logging level to `pywerview` modules by using `-l` or `--logging-level` options. Supported levels are:



* `CRITICAL`: Only critical errors are displayed **(default)**

* `WARNING` Warnings are displayed, along with citical errors

* `DEBUG`: Debug level (caution: **very** verbose)

* `ULTRA`: Extreme debugging level (caution: **very very** verbose)



(level names are case insensitive)



### Kerberos authentication



Kerberos authentication is now (partially) supported, which means you can

pass the ticket and other stuff. To authenticate via Kerberos:



1. Point the `KRB5CCNAME` environment variable to your cache credential file.

2. Use the `-k` option in your function call, or the `do_kerberos` in your

   library call.



```console

$ klist stormtroopers.ccache

Ticket cache: FILE:stormtroopers.ccache

Default principal: [email protected]



Valid starting       Expires              Service principal

10/03/2022 16:46:45  11/03/2022 02:46:45  ldap/[email protected]

	renew until 11/03/2022 16:43:17

$ KRB5CCNAME=stormtroopers.ccache python3 pywerview.py get-netcomputer -t srv-ad.contoso.com -u stormtroopers -k 

dnshostname: centos.contoso.com 



dnshostname: debian.contoso.com 



dnshostname: Windows7.contoso.com 



dnshostname: Windows10.contoso.com 



dnshostname: SRV-MAIL.contoso.com 



dnshostname: SRV-AD.contoso.com 

```



If your cache credential file contains a corresponding TGS, or a TGT for your

calling user, Kerberos authentication will be used.



__SPN patching is partial__. Right now, we're in a mixed configuration where we

use `ldap3` for LDAP commands and `impacket` for the other protocols (SMB,

RPC). That is because `impacket`'s LDAP implementation has several problems,

such as mismanagement of non-ASCII characters (which is problematic for us

baguette-eaters).



`ldap3` uses `gssapi` to authenticate with Kerberos, and `gssapi` needs the

full hostname in the SPN of a ticket, otherwise it throws an error. It would

be possible to patch an SPN with an incomplete hostname, however it's not done

for now.



For any functions that only rely on `impacket` (SMB or RPC functions), you can

use tickets with SPNs with an incomplete hostname. In the following example, we

use an LDAP ticket with an incomplete hostname for an SMB function, without any

trouble. You just have to make sure that the `--computername` argument matches

this incomplete hostname in the SPN:



```console

$ klist skywalker.ccache

Ticket cache: FILE:skywalker.ccache

Default principal: [email protected]



Valid starting       Expires              Service principal

13/04/2022 14:26:59  14/04/2022 00:26:58  ldap/[email protected]

	renew until 14/04/2022 14:23:29

$ KRB5CCNAME=skywalker.ccache python3 pywerview.py get-localdisks --computername srv-ad -u skywalker -k  

disk: A: 



disk: C: 



disk: D:

```



To recap:



|           SPN in the ticket           | Can be used with LDAP functions | Can be used with SMB/RPC functions |

| :-----------------------------------: | :-----------------------------: | :--------------------------------: |

| `ldap/[email protected]` |              ✔️                  |                 ✔️                  |

| `cifs/[email protected]` |              ✔️                  |                 ✔️                  |

|       `ldap/[email protected]`       |              ❌                 |                 ✔️                  |



*NOTE:* The same limitation exists for TGT in your cache credential file: `krbtgt/[email protected]` will work 

but not `krbtgt/[email protected]`.



### LDAP SChannel authentication



SChannel authentication is supported for a subset of the submodules. Functions that support SChannel authentication are:



* get-adobject

* get-objectowner

* get-adserviceaccount

* get-objectacl

* get-netuser

* get-netgroup

* get-netcomputer

* get-netdomaincontroller

* get-netfileserver

* get-netou

* get-netsite

* get-netsubnet

* get-netdomaintrust

* get-netpso

* get-netgpo

* get-netgroupmember



To authenticate via SChannel:



1. Retrieve the certificate and the key with your favorite tool ([ntlmrelayx.py](https://github.com/fortra/impacket), [certipy](https://github.com/ly4k/Certipy),...)

2. `pywerview` needs a certificate file and a key file, so you need to extract them from the `.pfx`.

3. Use `--cert` and  `--key` as in the following example:



```console

$ python3 pywerview.py get-netuser -w contoso.com --dc-ip 172.16.0.55 --cert stormtroopers.crt --key stormtroopers.key --username administrator --attributes distinguishedname useraccountcontrol --tls

distinguishedname:  CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=contoso,DC=com

useraccountcontrol: NORMAL_ACCOUNT



```



If you don't specify the `--tls` flag when using certificate authentication, `pywerview` will try to use StartTLS and an `EXTERNAL SASL` bind 

as described in the [Microsoft documentation](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-adts/8e73932f-70cf-46d6-88b1-8d9f86235e81)



### TLS connection



You can force a connection to the LDAPS port by using the `--tls` switch. It

can be necessary with some functions, for example when retrieving gMSA

passwords with `get-adserviceaccount`:



```console

$ python3 pywerview.py get-adserviceaccount -t srv-ad.contoso.com -u 'SRV-MAIL$' --hashes $NT_HASH --resolve-sids

distinguishedname:       CN=gMSA-01,CN=Managed Service Accounts,DC=contoso,DC=com

objectsid:               S-1-5-21-863927164-4106933278-53377030-3115

samaccountname:          gMSA-01$

msds-groupmsamembership: CN=SRV-MAIL,CN=Computers,DC=contoso,DC=com

description:

enabled:                 True

$ python3 pywerview.py get-adserviceaccount -t srv-ad.contoso.com -u 'SRV-MAIL$' --hashes $NT_HASH --resolve-sids --tls

distinguishedname:       CN=gMSA-01,CN=Managed Service Accounts,DC=contoso,DC=com

objectsid:               S-1-5-21-863927164-4106933278-53377030-3115

samaccountname:          gMSA-01$

msds-managedpassword:    69730ce3914ac6[redacted]

msds-groupmsamembership: CN=SRV-MAIL,CN=Computers,DC=contoso,DC=com

description:

enabled:                 True

```



### JSON output



Pywerview can print results in json format by using the `--json` switch.



### The case of LDAP Signing and LDAP Channel Binding



To work against against DCs that implment LDAP Signing and/or LDAP Channel Binding, you need to install a forked version 

of the `ldap3` library. You can find this special version [here](https://pypi.org/project/ldap3-bleeding-edge/). 

This version is `ldap3` version 2.10.1 (which is not on pipy) + 6 pending PRs. Sources for this package can be found

[here](https://github.com/ThePirateWhoSmellsOfSunflowers/ldap3) 



`pip install ldap3-bleeding-edge` this branch within your pywerview virtual env. You can check if your pywerview 

installation uses the fork by enabling debug logging (`-l DEBUG`).



pywerview falls back to [simple authentication](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2251#autoid-26) if the custom branch is 

not installed.



## TODO



* Many, many more PowerView functionalities to implement. I'll now focus on

  forest functions, then inter-forest trust functions

* Lots of rewrite due to the last version of PowerView

* Gracefully fail against Unix machines running Samba

* Perform range cycling in `get-netgroupmember`

* Manage request to the Global Catalog

* Try to fall back to `tcp/139` for RPC communications if `tcp/445` is closed

* Comment, document, and clean the code



## THANKS



* Thanks to the [@PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/)

  team for an awesome tool.

* Thanks to [@SecureAuthCorp](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/) for this complete

  and comprehensive library that is [impacket](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket).

* Special thanks to [@asolino](https://github.com/asolino) for his help on

  developing using impacket.

* Thanks to [@byt3bl33d3r](https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r) for his

  contributions.

* Thanks to [@ThePirateWhoSmellsOfSunflowers](https://github.com/ThePirateWhoSmellsOfSunflowers)

  for his debugging, love you baby :heart:

* Thanks to [@mpgn](https://github.com/mpgn) for his python 3 contributions.



## MISC



Slides: 

* 2024: ["pywerview: a (partial) Python rewriting of PowerSploit's PowerView"](https://github.com/ThePirateWhoSmellsOfSunflowers/keuvra/blob/main/slides/pywerview_defcon_paris.pdf) for [DefconParis](https://x.com/DefconParis)



## COPYRIGHT



PywerView - A Python rewriting of PowerSploit's PowerView



Yannick Méheut [yannick (at) meheut (dot) org] - Copyright © 2024



This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it

under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the

Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your

option) any later version.



This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General

Public License for more details.



You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

with this program. If not, see

[https://www.gnu.org/licenses/](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/).