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https://github.com/uw-mad-dash/llamatune

Supplementary Material for "LlamaTune: Sample-Efficient DBMS Configuration Tuning"
https://github.com/uw-mad-dash/llamatune

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Supplementary Material for "LlamaTune: Sample-Efficient DBMS Configuration Tuning"

Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/uw-mad-dash/llamatune
Owner: uw-mad-dash
Created: 2022-03-01T23:59:05.000Z (over 2 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2022-07-29T13:15:23.000Z (about 2 years ago)
Last Synced: 2024-07-28T17:38:31.108Z (about 2 months ago)
Language: Python
Size: 69.3 KB
Stars: 30
Watchers: 2
Forks: 8
Open Issues: 4
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md

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README

# LlamaTune: Sample-Efficient DBMS Configuration Tuning

This repository contains the source code for the paper "[LlamaTune: Sample-Efficient DBMS Configuration Tuning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05128)" (to appear in [VLDB'22](https://vldb.org/2022)). LlamaTune is a tuning pipeline that can be integrated with existing state-of-the-art DBMS knob tuning optimizers and can achieve greater sample-efficiency, through targeted search space transformations. In particular, LlamaTune (1) reduces the dimensionality of the original configuration search space using random linear projections, (2) provides support for handling *hybrid* knobs (i.e., numerical knobs with special values), and (3) avoids the large ranges of certain knobs with value bucketization. For more information, please refer to the paper.

The code in this repository can be used to generate and output configurations suggested by LlamaTune when coupled with SMAC, Gaussian-based BO, and DDPG optimizers. Interested users can plug this code to their own tools in order to evaluate these configurations on real DBMS deployments.

## Source Code Structure

LlamaTune uses [ConfigSpace](https://automl.github.io/ConfigSpace/) to define the DBMS configuration space, and employs custom *adapters* to perform the search space transformations described in the paper.

- `adapters/`
- `configspace/`
- `low_embeddings.py`: random linear projections (**Sec. 3**).
- `quantization.py`: bucketization of knob values ranges (**Sec. 4.2**).
- `bias_sampling.py`: definition and handling of hybrid knobs (**Sec. 4.1**).
- `configs/`
- `benchbase/*`: experiment config files for BenchBase workloads
- `ycsb/*`: experiment config files for YCSB workloads
- `ddpg/*`: definition of the actor-critic DDPG neural network architecture used in CDBTune.
- `executors/`: auxiliary code to run workload in the DBMS through an in-house executor framework.
- `spaces/`:
- `definitions/*`: PostgreSQL knob definition for v9.6 and v13.6.
- `config.py`: config file parsing & workload options definition
- `optimizer.py`: initialization of the BO-based or RL-based optimizer.
- `run-ddpg.py`: main script used for experiments for **BO-based** optimizers
- `run-smac.py`: main script used for experiments for **RL-based** optimizer
- `space.py`: definition of the input space that is fed to the underlying optimizer.
- `storage.py`: auxiliary code to store the result of the evaluated configurations.

**NOTE**: The complete LlamaTune pipeline, which includes low-dimensional tuning, hybrid knob handling, and large knob values bucketization is included in `adapters/configspace/low_embeddings.py`.

## Environment

We ran our experiments on [Cloudlab](https://cloudlab.us), on nodes of type`c220g5`. This repository contains knob definitions only for PostgreSQL v9.6 and v13.6; the results are presented in the paper.

Source code requires Python 3.7+ for running. To install the required packages run the following command:

```bash
pip3 install -r requirements.txt -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
```

## Run Experiments

Main scripts used for running experiments are `run-smac.py` (for BO methods) and `run-ddpg.py` (for RL method). These can be invoked using the following syntax:

```bash
python3 run-smac.py
```

where `` is an experiment configuration file found in `config/*` directory, and `` is the random seed used by the optimizer. In our experiments, we used the same five different seeds (i.e., `1-5`).

Configuration files used for producing the same figure are typically grouped together in the same directory. For instance, this holds true for the sensitivity analysis performed for the low-dimensional projections, biased sampling, and bucketization techniques.

### Usage Examples

To run the "vanilla" SMAC on YCSB-A (for a single seed), one should run the following command:

```bash
python3 run-smac.py configs/ycsb/ycsbA/ycsbA.all.ini 1
```

Example Output

```sh
INFO:root:Results will be saved @ "results/ycsb.workloada/seed1"

INFO:root:Constructing new optimizer...
INFO:root:Run History: None
INFO:root:Ignored knobs: None
INFO:root:
input space:
Configuration space object:
Hyperparameters:
input
autovacuum, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 100.0], Default: 0.1
autovacuum_analyze_threshold, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000], Default: 50
autovacuum_freeze_max_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [100000, 2000000000], Default: 200000000
autovacuum_max_workers, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 10000], Default: 3
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [10000, 2000000000], Default: 400000000
autovacuum_naptime, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 2147483], Default: 60
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 100], Default: 20
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 10000], Default: -1
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 100.0], Default: 0.2
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 2147483647], Default: 50
autovacuum_work_mem, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 1048576], Default: -1
backend_flush_after, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 256], Default: 0
bgwriter_delay, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [10, 4000], Default: 200
bgwriter_flush_after, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 256], Default: 64
bgwriter_lru_maxpages, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000], Default: 100
bgwriter_lru_multiplier, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 8.0], Default: 2.0
checkpoint_completion_target, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 1.0], Default: 0.5
checkpoint_flush_after, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 256], Default: 32
checkpoint_timeout, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [30, 86400], Default: 300
commit_delay, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 4096], Default: 0
commit_siblings, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 16], Default: 5
cpu_index_tuple_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 4.0], Default: 0.005
cpu_operator_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 4.0], Default: 0.0025
cpu_tuple_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 4.0], Default: 0.01
cursor_tuple_fraction, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 1.0], Default: 0.1
data_sync_retry, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: off
deadlock_timeout, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 5000], Default: 1000
default_statistics_target, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 5120], Default: 100
default_transaction_deferrable, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: off
effective_cache_size, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 2097152], Default: 524288
effective_io_concurrency, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 512], Default: 1
enable_bitmapscan, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_hashagg, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_hashjoin, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_indexonlyscan, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_indexscan, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_material, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_mergejoin, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_nestloop, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_seqscan, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_sort, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
enable_tidscan, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
from_collapse_limit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 50], Default: 8
full_page_writes, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
geqo, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: on
geqo_effort, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 10], Default: 5
geqo_generations, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000], Default: 0
geqo_pool_size, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000], Default: 0
geqo_seed, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0
geqo_selection_bias, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [1.5, 2.0], Default: 2.0
geqo_threshold, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [2, 50], Default: 12
join_collapse_limit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 50], Default: 8
maintenance_work_mem, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1024, 1048576], Default: 65536
max_connections, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [5, 10000], Default: 100
max_files_per_process, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [25, 50000], Default: 1000
max_locks_per_transaction, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [10, 1024], Default: 64
max_parallel_workers_per_gather, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 256], Default: 0
max_pred_locks_per_transaction, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [10, 1024], Default: 64
max_prepared_transactions, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1024], Default: 0
max_stack_depth, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [100, 7680], Default: 100
max_wal_size, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [2, 256], Default: 64
max_worker_processes, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 256], Default: 8
min_parallel_relation_size, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 131072], Default: 1024
min_wal_size, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [2, 16], Default: 5
old_snapshot_threshold, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 86400], Default: -1
parallel_setup_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 2500.0], Default: 1000.0
parallel_tuple_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 4.0], Default: 0.1
quote_all_identifiers, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: off
random_page_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 8.0], Default: 4.0
replacement_sort_tuples, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 2147483647], Default: 150000
seq_page_cost, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [0.0, 4.0], Default: 1.0
shared_buffers, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [16, 1048576], Default: 1024
temp_buffers, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [100, 65536], Default: 1024
temp_file_limit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 20971520], Default: -1
vacuum_cost_delay, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 100], Default: 0
vacuum_cost_limit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 10000], Default: 200
vacuum_cost_page_dirty, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 10000], Default: 20
vacuum_cost_page_hit, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 10000], Default: 1
vacuum_cost_page_miss, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 10000], Default: 10
vacuum_freeze_min_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000000000], Default: 50000000
vacuum_freeze_table_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 2000000000], Default: 150000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 1000000000], Default: 5000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 2000000000], Default: 150000000
wal_buffers, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [-1, 65536], Default: -1
wal_compression, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: off
wal_log_hints, Type: Categorical, Choices: {on, off}, Default: off
wal_writer_delay, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [1, 4096], Default: 200
wal_writer_flush_after, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [0, 32768], Default: 128
work_mem, Type: UniformInteger, Range: [64, 262144], Default: 4096

INFO:smac.utils.io.cmd_reader.CMDReader:Output to results/ycsb.workloada/seed1
INFO:smac.facade.smac_hpo_facade.SMAC4HPO:Optimizing a deterministic scenario for quality without a tuner timeout - will make SMAC deterministic and only evaluate one configuration per iteration!
INFO:adapters.bias_sampling.LHDesignWithBiasedSampling:Running initial design for 10 configurations
INFO:smac.facade.smac_hpo_facade.SMAC4HPO:
INFO:root:
INFO:root:Evaluating Default Configuration
INFO:root:

========================= Iteration 0 =========================

INFO:root:Sample from optimizer:
INFO:root:Configuration:
autovacuum, Value: 'on'
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor, Value: 0.1
autovacuum_analyze_threshold, Value: 50
autovacuum_freeze_max_age, Value: 200000000
autovacuum_max_workers, Value: 3
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, Value: 400000000
autovacuum_naptime, Value: 60
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay, Value: 20
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit, Value: -1
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor, Value: 0.2
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold, Value: 50
autovacuum_work_mem, Value: -1
backend_flush_after, Value: 0
bgwriter_delay, Value: 200
bgwriter_flush_after, Value: 64
bgwriter_lru_maxpages, Value: 100
bgwriter_lru_multiplier, Value: 2.0
checkpoint_completion_target, Value: 0.5
checkpoint_flush_after, Value: 32
checkpoint_timeout, Value: 300
commit_delay, Value: 0
commit_siblings, Value: 5
cpu_index_tuple_cost, Value: 0.005
cpu_operator_cost, Value: 0.0025
cpu_tuple_cost, Value: 0.01
cursor_tuple_fraction, Value: 0.1
data_sync_retry, Value: 'off'
deadlock_timeout, Value: 1000
default_statistics_target, Value: 100
default_transaction_deferrable, Value: 'off'
effective_cache_size, Value: 524288
effective_io_concurrency, Value: 1
enable_bitmapscan, Value: 'on'
enable_hashagg, Value: 'on'
enable_hashjoin, Value: 'on'
enable_indexonlyscan, Value: 'on'
enable_indexscan, Value: 'on'
enable_material, Value: 'on'
enable_mergejoin, Value: 'on'
enable_nestloop, Value: 'on'
enable_seqscan, Value: 'on'
enable_sort, Value: 'on'
enable_tidscan, Value: 'on'
from_collapse_limit, Value: 8
full_page_writes, Value: 'on'
geqo, Value: 'on'
geqo_effort, Value: 5
geqo_generations, Value: 0
geqo_pool_size, Value: 0
geqo_seed, Value: 0.0
geqo_selection_bias, Value: 2.0
geqo_threshold, Value: 12
join_collapse_limit, Value: 8
maintenance_work_mem, Value: 65536
max_connections, Value: 100
max_files_per_process, Value: 1000
max_locks_per_transaction, Value: 64
max_parallel_workers_per_gather, Value: 0
max_pred_locks_per_transaction, Value: 64
max_prepared_transactions, Value: 0
max_stack_depth, Value: 100
max_wal_size, Value: 64
max_worker_processes, Value: 8
min_parallel_relation_size, Value: 1024
min_wal_size, Value: 5
old_snapshot_threshold, Value: -1
parallel_setup_cost, Value: 1000.0
parallel_tuple_cost, Value: 0.1
quote_all_identifiers, Value: 'off'
random_page_cost, Value: 4.0
replacement_sort_tuples, Value: 150000
seq_page_cost, Value: 1.0
shared_buffers, Value: 1024
temp_buffers, Value: 1024
temp_file_limit, Value: -1
vacuum_cost_delay, Value: 0
vacuum_cost_limit, Value: 200
vacuum_cost_page_dirty, Value: 20
vacuum_cost_page_hit, Value: 1
vacuum_cost_page_miss, Value: 10
vacuum_freeze_min_age, Value: 50000000
vacuum_freeze_table_age, Value: 150000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age, Value: 5000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age, Value: 150000000
wal_buffers, Value: -1
wal_compression, Value: 'off'
wal_log_hints, Value: 'off'
wal_writer_delay, Value: 200
wal_writer_flush_after, Value: 128
work_mem, Value: 4096

INFO:root:Evaluating Configuration:
{'autovacuum': 'on', 'autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor': 0.1, 'autovacuum_analyze_threshold': 50, 'autovacuum_freeze_max_age': 200000000, 'autovacuum_max_workers': 3, 'autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age': 400000000, 'autovacuum_naptime': 60, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay': 20, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit': -1, 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor': 0.2, 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold': 50, 'autovacuum_work_mem': -1, 'backend_flush_after': 0, 'bgwriter_delay': 200, 'bgwriter_flush_after': 64, 'bgwriter_lru_maxpages': 100, 'bgwriter_lru_multiplier': 2.0, 'checkpoint_completion_target': 0.5, 'checkpoint_flush_after': 32, 'checkpoint_timeout': 300, 'commit_delay': 0, 'commit_siblings': 5, 'cpu_index_tuple_cost': 0.01, 'cpu_operator_cost': 0.0, 'cpu_tuple_cost': 0.01, 'cursor_tuple_fraction': 0.1, 'data_sync_retry': 'off', 'deadlock_timeout': 1000, 'default_statistics_target': 100, 'default_transaction_deferrable': 'off', 'effective_cache_size': 524288, 'effective_io_concurrency': 1, 'enable_bitmapscan': 'on', 'enable_hashagg': 'on', 'enable_hashjoin': 'on', 'enable_indexonlyscan': 'on', 'enable_indexscan': 'on', 'enable_material': 'on', 'enable_mergejoin': 'on', 'enable_nestloop': 'on', 'enable_seqscan': 'on', 'enable_sort': 'on', 'enable_tidscan': 'on', 'from_collapse_limit': 8, 'full_page_writes': 'on', 'geqo': 'on', 'geqo_effort': 5, 'geqo_generations': 0, 'geqo_pool_size': 0, 'geqo_seed': 0.0, 'geqo_selection_bias': 2.0, 'geqo_threshold': 12, 'join_collapse_limit': 8, 'maintenance_work_mem': 65536, 'max_connections': 100, 'max_files_per_process': 1000, 'max_locks_per_transaction': 64, 'max_parallel_workers_per_gather': 0, 'max_pred_locks_per_transaction': 64, 'max_prepared_transactions': 0, 'max_stack_depth': 100, 'max_wal_size': 64, 'max_worker_processes': 8, 'min_parallel_relation_size': 1024, 'min_wal_size': 5, 'old_snapshot_threshold': -1, 'parallel_setup_cost': 1000.0, 'parallel_tuple_cost': 0.1, 'quote_all_identifiers': 'off', 'random_page_cost': 4.0, 'replacement_sort_tuples': 150000, 'seq_page_cost': 1.0, 'shared_buffers': 1024, 'temp_buffers': 1024, 'temp_file_limit': -1, 'vacuum_cost_delay': 0, 'vacuum_cost_limit': 200, 'vacuum_cost_page_dirty': 20, 'vacuum_cost_page_hit': 1, 'vacuum_cost_page_miss': 10, 'vacuum_freeze_min_age': 50000000, 'vacuum_freeze_table_age': 150000000, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age': 5000000, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age': 150000000, 'wal_buffers': -1, 'wal_compression': 'off', 'wal_log_hints': 'off', 'wal_writer_delay': 200, 'wal_writer_flush_after': 128, 'work_mem': 4096}
INFO:root:Performance Statistics:
{'throughput': 3201.0, 'latency': 2033.0, 'runtime': 0}
INFO:root:Evaluation took 0 seconds
INFO:root:Throughput: 3201.0 ops/sec
INFO:smac.optimizer.smbo.SMBO:Running initial design
INFO:smac.intensification.intensification.Intensifier:First run, no incumbent provided; challenger is assumed to be the incumbent
INFO:root:

========================= Iteration 1 =========================

INFO:root:Sample from optimizer:
INFO:root:Configuration:
autovacuum, Value: 'on'
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor, Value: 39.840721149514835
autovacuum_analyze_threshold, Value: 423
autovacuum_freeze_max_age, Value: 1137928421
autovacuum_max_workers, Value: 9865
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, Value: 501682190
autovacuum_naptime, Value: 179914
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay, Value: 79
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit, Value: 7140
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor, Value: 50.512112558630776
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold, Value: 1036745380
autovacuum_work_mem, Value: 241078
backend_flush_after, Value: 41
bgwriter_delay, Value: 1511
bgwriter_flush_after, Value: 224
bgwriter_lru_maxpages, Value: 710
bgwriter_lru_multiplier, Value: 3.9684511106415465
checkpoint_completion_target, Value: 0.6307357933221851
checkpoint_flush_after, Value: 37
checkpoint_timeout, Value: 51380
commit_delay, Value: 1210
commit_siblings, Value: 9
cpu_index_tuple_cost, Value: 1.7931577158789112
cpu_operator_cost, Value: 0.417550540642205
cpu_tuple_cost, Value: 2.000874954706705
cursor_tuple_fraction, Value: 0.565098284033256
data_sync_retry, Value: 'on'
deadlock_timeout, Value: 2403
default_statistics_target, Value: 4100
default_transaction_deferrable, Value: 'on'
effective_cache_size, Value: 1515239
effective_io_concurrency, Value: 165
enable_bitmapscan, Value: 'on'
enable_hashagg, Value: 'off'
enable_hashjoin, Value: 'off'
enable_indexonlyscan, Value: 'on'
enable_indexscan, Value: 'on'
enable_material, Value: 'off'
enable_mergejoin, Value: 'off'
enable_nestloop, Value: 'on'
enable_seqscan, Value: 'off'
enable_sort, Value: 'on'
enable_tidscan, Value: 'on'
from_collapse_limit, Value: 34
full_page_writes, Value: 'on'
geqo, Value: 'off'
geqo_effort, Value: 6
geqo_generations, Value: 769
geqo_pool_size, Value: 774
geqo_seed, Value: 0.4334145502255084
geqo_selection_bias, Value: 1.8527977503494228
geqo_threshold, Value: 17
join_collapse_limit, Value: 11
maintenance_work_mem, Value: 963228
max_connections, Value: 3370
max_files_per_process, Value: 4584
max_locks_per_transaction, Value: 231
max_parallel_workers_per_gather, Value: 123
max_pred_locks_per_transaction, Value: 1000
max_prepared_transactions, Value: 336
max_stack_depth, Value: 904
max_wal_size, Value: 240
max_worker_processes, Value: 129
min_parallel_relation_size, Value: 2580
min_wal_size, Value: 13
old_snapshot_threshold, Value: 6649
parallel_setup_cost, Value: 1957.9604286866424
parallel_tuple_cost, Value: 3.260321293160249
quote_all_identifiers, Value: 'off'
random_page_cost, Value: 3.949971690623953
replacement_sort_tuples, Value: 1935771376
seq_page_cost, Value: 0.6241110283938495
shared_buffers, Value: 52147
temp_buffers, Value: 40725
temp_file_limit, Value: 14261387
vacuum_cost_delay, Value: 80
vacuum_cost_limit, Value: 7490
vacuum_cost_page_dirty, Value: 3568
vacuum_cost_page_hit, Value: 783
vacuum_cost_page_miss, Value: 6206
vacuum_freeze_min_age, Value: 311915929
vacuum_freeze_table_age, Value: 178773595
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age, Value: 485722870
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age, Value: 1197874334
wal_buffers, Value: 26550
wal_compression, Value: 'off'
wal_log_hints, Value: 'on'
wal_writer_delay, Value: 2593
wal_writer_flush_after, Value: 4567
work_mem, Value: 167222

INFO:root:Evaluating Configuration:
{'autovacuum': 'on', 'autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor': 39.84, 'autovacuum_analyze_threshold': 423, 'autovacuum_freeze_max_age': 1137928421, 'autovacuum_max_workers': 9865, 'autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age': 501682190, 'autovacuum_naptime': 179914, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay': 79, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit': 7140, 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor': 50.51, 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold': 1036745380, 'autovacuum_work_mem': 241078, 'backend_flush_after': 41, 'bgwriter_delay': 1511, 'bgwriter_flush_after': 224, 'bgwriter_lru_maxpages': 710, 'bgwriter_lru_multiplier': 3.97, 'checkpoint_completion_target': 0.63, 'checkpoint_flush_after': 37, 'checkpoint_timeout': 51380, 'commit_delay': 1210, 'commit_siblings': 9, 'cpu_index_tuple_cost': 1.79, 'cpu_operator_cost': 0.42, 'cpu_tuple_cost': 2.0, 'cursor_tuple_fraction': 0.57, 'data_sync_retry': 'on', 'deadlock_timeout': 2403, 'default_statistics_target': 4100, 'default_transaction_deferrable': 'on', 'effective_cache_size': 1515239, 'effective_io_concurrency': 165, 'enable_bitmapscan': 'on', 'enable_hashagg': 'off', 'enable_hashjoin': 'off', 'enable_indexonlyscan': 'on', 'enable_indexscan': 'on', 'enable_material': 'off', 'enable_mergejoin': 'off', 'enable_nestloop': 'on', 'enable_seqscan': 'off', 'enable_sort': 'on', 'enable_tidscan': 'on', 'from_collapse_limit': 34, 'full_page_writes': 'on', 'geqo': 'off', 'geqo_effort': 6, 'geqo_generations': 769, 'geqo_pool_size': 774, 'geqo_seed': 0.43, 'geqo_selection_bias': 1.85, 'geqo_threshold': 17, 'join_collapse_limit': 11, 'maintenance_work_mem': 963228, 'max_connections': 3370, 'max_files_per_process': 4584, 'max_locks_per_transaction': 231, 'max_parallel_workers_per_gather': 123, 'max_pred_locks_per_transaction': 1000, 'max_prepared_transactions': 336, 'max_stack_depth': 904, 'max_wal_size': 240, 'max_worker_processes': 129, 'min_parallel_relation_size': 2580, 'min_wal_size': 13, 'old_snapshot_threshold': 6649, 'parallel_setup_cost': 1957.96, 'parallel_tuple_cost': 3.26, 'quote_all_identifiers': 'off', 'random_page_cost': 3.95, 'replacement_sort_tuples': 1935771376, 'seq_page_cost': 0.62, 'shared_buffers': 52147, 'temp_buffers': 40725, 'temp_file_limit': 14261387, 'vacuum_cost_delay': 80, 'vacuum_cost_limit': 7490, 'vacuum_cost_page_dirty': 3568, 'vacuum_cost_page_hit': 783, 'vacuum_cost_page_miss': 6206, 'vacuum_freeze_min_age': 311915929, 'vacuum_freeze_table_age': 178773595, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age': 485722870, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age': 1197874334, 'wal_buffers': 26550, 'wal_compression': 'off', 'wal_log_hints': 'on', 'wal_writer_delay': 2593, 'wal_writer_flush_after': 4567, 'work_mem': 167222}
INFO:root:Performance Statistics:
{'throughput': 5179.0, 'latency': 2931.0, 'runtime': 0}
INFO:root:Evaluation took 0 seconds
INFO:root:Throughput: 5179.0 ops/sec
INFO:smac.intensification.intensification.Intensifier:First run, no incumbent provided; challenger is assumed to be the incumbent
INFO:smac.intensification.intensification.Intensifier:Updated estimated cost of incumbent on 1 runs: -5179.0000
INFO:root:

========================= Iteration 2 =========================
...
```

Similarly, one can run the other workloads:

```bash
python3 run-smac.py configs/ycsb/ycsbB/ycsbB.all.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/tpcc/tpcc.all.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/seats/seats.all.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/twitter/twitter.all.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/resourcestresser/resourcestresser.all.ini 1
```

***

To employ LlamaTune's search space transformations, while using SMAC as the underlying optimizer, the following configuration file should be used:

```bash
python3 run-smac.py configs/ycsb/ycsbA/ycsbA.all.llama.ini 1
```

Example Output

```sh
INFO:root:Results will be saved @ "results/ycsb.workloada/seed1"

INFO:root:Constructing new optimizer...
INFO:root:Run History: None
INFO:root:Ignored knobs: None
INFO:adapters.configspace.low_embeddings:Using quantization: q=10000
INFO:adapters.configspace.low_embeddings:Configuration space object:
Hyperparameters:
input
hesbo_0, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_1, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_10, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_11, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_12, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_13, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_14, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_15, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_2, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_3, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_4, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_5, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_6, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_7, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_8, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_9, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002

INFO:root:
input space:
Configuration space object:
Hyperparameters:
input
hesbo_0, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_1, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_10, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_11, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_12, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_13, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_14, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_15, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_2, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_3, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_4, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_5, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_6, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_7, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_8, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002
hesbo_9, Type: UniformFloat, Range: [-1.0, 1.0], Default: 0.0, Q: 0.0002

========================= Iteration 0 =========================

========================= Iteration 1 =========================

INFO:root:Sample from optimizer:
INFO:root:Configuration:
hesbo_0, Value: -0.48739999999999994
hesbo_1, Value: -0.6033999999999999
hesbo_10, Value: 0.04700000000000015
hesbo_11, Value: 0.13780000000000014
hesbo_12, Value: 0.3728
hesbo_13, Value: -0.6983999999999999
hesbo_14, Value: 0.36740000000000017
hesbo_15, Value: 0.7842
hesbo_2, Value: 0.2278
hesbo_3, Value: 0.8102
hesbo_4, Value: -0.4346
hesbo_5, Value: 0.059800000000000075
hesbo_6, Value: -0.6788
hesbo_7, Value: -0.24759999999999993
hesbo_8, Value: -0.25139999999999996
hesbo_9, Value: 0.4192

INFO:root:Evaluating Configuration:
{'autovacuum': 'on', 'autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor': 43.11, 'autovacuum_analyze_threshold': 687, 'autovacuum_freeze_max_age': 748662570, 'autovacuum_max_workers': 8921, 'autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age': 580807096, 'autovacuum_naptime': 1221704, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay': 41, 'autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit': -1, 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor': 25.63, 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold': 550400058, 'autovacuum_work_mem': -1, 'backend_flush_after': 156, 'bgwriter_delay': 2499, 'bgwriter_flush_after': 208, 'bgwriter_lru_maxpages': 142, 'bgwriter_lru_multiplier': 6.72, 'checkpoint_completion_target': 0.29, 'checkpoint_flush_after': 132, 'checkpoint_timeout': 24447, 'commit_delay': 2801, 'commit_siblings': 9, 'cpu_index_tuple_cost': 2.46, 'cpu_operator_cost': 1.13, 'cpu_tuple_cost': 2.28, 'cursor_tuple_fraction': 0.31, 'data_sync_retry': 'on', 'deadlock_timeout': 1569, 'default_statistics_target': 4348, 'default_transaction_deferrable': 'on', 'effective_cache_size': 809711, 'effective_io_concurrency': 53, 'enable_bitmapscan': 'on', 'enable_hashagg': 'on', 'enable_hashjoin': 'off', 'enable_indexonlyscan': 'on', 'enable_indexscan': 'on', 'enable_material': 'on', 'enable_mergejoin': 'off', 'enable_nestloop': 'on', 'enable_seqscan': 'on', 'enable_sort': 'on', 'enable_tidscan': 'on', 'from_collapse_limit': 19, 'full_page_writes': 'on', 'geqo': 'off', 'geqo_effort': 9, 'geqo_generations': 637, 'geqo_pool_size': 0, 'geqo_seed': 0.26, 'geqo_selection_bias': 1.84, 'geqo_threshold': 11, 'join_collapse_limit': 32, 'maintenance_work_mem': 393123, 'max_connections': 8493, 'max_files_per_process': 45258, 'max_locks_per_transaction': 119, 'max_parallel_workers_per_gather': 88, 'max_pred_locks_per_transaction': 304, 'max_prepared_transactions': 223, 'max_stack_depth': 5283, 'max_wal_size': 97, 'max_worker_processes': 24, 'min_parallel_relation_size': 21050, 'min_wal_size': 9, 'old_snapshot_threshold': 64984, 'parallel_setup_cost': 726.0, 'parallel_tuple_cost': 0.38, 'quote_all_identifiers': 'on', 'random_page_cost': 5.01, 'replacement_sort_tuples': 425846007, 'seq_page_cost': 1.72, 'shared_buffers': 719748, 'temp_buffers': 34356, 'temp_file_limit': 2167930, 'vacuum_cost_delay': 68, 'vacuum_cost_limit': 8492, 'vacuum_cost_page_dirty': 949, 'vacuum_cost_page_hit': 2904, 'vacuum_cost_page_miss': 3861, 'vacuum_freeze_min_age': 107900000, 'vacuum_freeze_table_age': 512600000, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age': 717300000, 'vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age': 580800000, 'wal_buffers': 56697, 'wal_compression': 'on', 'wal_log_hints': 'off', 'wal_writer_delay': 1541, 'wal_writer_flush_after': 13250, 'work_mem': 76172}
INFO:root:Performance Statistics:
{'throughput': 5179.0, 'latency': 2931.0, 'runtime': 0}
INFO:root:Evaluation took 0 seconds
INFO:root:Throughput: 5179.0 ops/sec
INFO:smac.intensification.intensification.Intensifier:First run, no incumbent provided; challenger is assumed to be the incumbent
INFO:smac.intensification.intensification.Intensifier:Updated estimated cost of incumbent on 1 runs: -5179.0000
INFO:root:

========================= Iteration 2 =========================
...
```

Again, the other workloads can be run using:
```bash
python3 run-smac.py configs/ycsb/ycsbB/ycsbB.all.llama.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/tpcc/tpcc.all.llama.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/seats/seats.all.llama.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/twitter/twitter.all.llama.ini 1
python3 run-smac.py configs/benchbase/resourcestresser/resourcestresser.all.llama.ini 1
```

***

**NOTE:** that one can also use the RL-based optimizer (i.e., DDPG) by replacing `run-smac.py` with `run-ddpg.py`.

As noted above, these commands only output the configurations suggested by the optimizers, and do not actually execute any workload on the DBMS.