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Modern Java - A Guide to Java 8
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Modern Java - A Guide to Java 8

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# Modern Java - A Guide to Java 8

_This article was originally posted on [my blog](http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/03/16/java-8-tutorial/)._



> **You should also read my [Java 11 Tutorial](https://winterbe.com/posts/2018/09/24/java-11-tutorial/) (including new language and API features from Java 9, 10 and 11).**



Welcome to my introduction to [Java 8](https://jdk8.java.net/). This tutorial guides you step by step through all new language features. Backed by short and simple code samples you'll learn how to use default interface methods, lambda expressions, method references and repeatable annotations. At the end of the article you'll be familiar with the most recent [API](http://download.java.net/jdk8/docs/api/) changes like streams, functional interfaces, map extensions and the new Date API. **No walls of text, just a bunch of commented code snippets. Enjoy!**



---





 ★★★ Like this project? Leave a star, follow on Twitter or donate to support my work. Thanks! ★★★




---



## Table of Contents



* [Default Methods for Interfaces](#default-methods-for-interfaces)

* [Lambda expressions](#lambda-expressions)

* [Functional Interfaces](#functional-interfaces)

* [Method and Constructor References](#method-and-constructor-references)

* [Lambda Scopes](#lambda-scopes)

  * [Accessing local variables](#accessing-local-variables)

  * [Accessing fields and static variables](#accessing-fields-and-static-variables)

  * [Accessing Default Interface Methods](#accessing-default-interface-methods)

* [Built-in Functional Interfaces](#built-in-functional-interfaces)

  * [Predicates](#predicates)

  * [Functions](#functions)

  * [Suppliers](#suppliers)

  * [Consumers](#consumers)

  * [Comparators](#comparators)

* [Optionals](#optionals)

* [Streams](#streams)

  * [Filter](#filter)

  * [Sorted](#sorted)

  * [Map](#map)

  * [Match](#match)

  * [Count](#count)

  * [Reduce](#reduce)

* [Parallel Streams](#parallel-streams)

  * [Sequential Sort](#sequential-sort)

  * [Parallel Sort](#parallel-sort)

* [Maps](#maps)

* [Date API](#date-api)

  * [Clock](#clock)

  * [Timezones](#timezones)

  * [LocalTime](#localtime)

  * [LocalDate](#localdate)

  * [LocalDateTime](#localdatetime)

* [Annotations](#annotations)

* [Where to go from here?](#where-to-go-from-here)



## Default Methods for Interfaces



Java 8 enables us to add non-abstract method implementations to interfaces by utilizing the `default` keyword. This feature is also known as [virtual extension methods](http://stackoverflow.com/a/24102730). 



Here is our first example:



```java

interface Formula {

    double calculate(int a);



    default double sqrt(int a) {

        return Math.sqrt(a);

    }

}

```



Besides the abstract method `calculate` the interface `Formula` also defines the default method `sqrt`. Concrete classes only have to implement the abstract method `calculate`. The default method `sqrt` can be used out of the box.



```java

Formula formula = new Formula() {

    @Override

    public double calculate(int a) {

        return sqrt(a * 100);

    }

};



formula.calculate(100);     // 100.0

formula.sqrt(16);           // 4.0

```



The formula is implemented as an anonymous object. The code is quite verbose: 6 lines of code for such a simple calculation of `sqrt(a * 100)`. As we'll see in the next section, there's a much nicer way of implementing single method objects in Java 8.



## Lambda expressions



Let's start with a simple example of how to sort a list of strings in prior versions of Java:



```java

List names = Arrays.asList("peter", "anna", "mike", "xenia");



Collections.sort(names, new Comparator() {

    @Override

    public int compare(String a, String b) {

        return b.compareTo(a);

    }

});

```



The static utility method `Collections.sort` accepts a list and a comparator in order to sort the elements of the given list. You often find yourself creating anonymous comparators and pass them to the sort method.



Instead of creating anonymous objects all day long, Java 8 comes with a much shorter syntax, **lambda expressions**:



```java

Collections.sort(names, (String a, String b) -> {

    return b.compareTo(a);

});

```



As you can see the code is much shorter and easier to read. But it gets even shorter:



```java

Collections.sort(names, (String a, String b) -> b.compareTo(a));

```



For one line method bodies you can skip both the braces `{}` and the `return` keyword. But it gets even shorter:



```java

names.sort((a, b) -> b.compareTo(a));

```



List now has a `sort` method. Also the java compiler is aware of the parameter types so you can skip them as well. Let's dive deeper into how lambda expressions can be used in the wild.



## Functional Interfaces



How does lambda expressions fit into Java's type system? Each lambda corresponds to a given type, specified by an interface. A so called _functional interface_ must contain **exactly one abstract method** declaration. Each lambda expression of that type will be matched to this abstract method. Since default methods are not abstract you're free to add default methods to your functional interface.



We can use arbitrary interfaces as lambda expressions as long as the interface only contains one abstract method. To ensure that your interface meet the requirements, you should add the `@FunctionalInterface` annotation. The compiler is aware of this annotation and throws a compiler error as soon as you try to add a second abstract method declaration to the interface.



Example:



```java

@FunctionalInterface

interface Converter {

    T convert(F from);

}

```



```java

Converter converter = (from) -> Integer.valueOf(from);

Integer converted = converter.convert("123");

System.out.println(converted);    // 123

```



Keep in mind that the code is also valid if the `@FunctionalInterface` annotation would be omitted.



## Method and Constructor References



The above example code can be further simplified by utilizing static method references:



```java

Converter converter = Integer::valueOf;

Integer converted = converter.convert("123");

System.out.println(converted);   // 123

```



Java 8 enables you to pass references of methods or constructors via the `::` keyword. The above example shows how to reference a static method. But we can also reference object methods:



```java

class Something {

    String startsWith(String s) {

        return String.valueOf(s.charAt(0));

    }

}

```



```java

Something something = new Something();

Converter converter = something::startsWith;

String converted = converter.convert("Java");

System.out.println(converted);    // "J"

```



Let's see how the `::` keyword works for constructors. First we define an example class with different constructors:



```java

class Person {

    String firstName;

    String lastName;



    Person() {}



    Person(String firstName, String lastName) {

        this.firstName = firstName;

        this.lastName = lastName;

    }

}

```



Next we specify a person factory interface to be used for creating new persons:



```java

interface PersonFactory
 {

    P create(String firstName, String lastName);

}

```



Instead of implementing the factory manually, we glue everything together via constructor references:



```java

PersonFactory personFactory = Person::new;

Person person = personFactory.create("Peter", "Parker");

```



We create a reference to the Person constructor via `Person::new`. The Java compiler automatically chooses the right constructor by matching the signature of `PersonFactory.create`.



## Lambda Scopes



Accessing outer scope variables from lambda expressions is very similar to anonymous objects. You can access final variables from the local outer scope as well as instance fields and static variables.



### Accessing local variables



We can read final local variables from the outer scope of lambda expressions:



```java

final int num = 1;

Converter stringConverter =

        (from) -> String.valueOf(from + num);



stringConverter.convert(2);     // 3

```



But different to anonymous objects the variable `num` does not have to be declared final. This code is also valid:



```java

int num = 1;

Converter stringConverter =

        (from) -> String.valueOf(from + num);



stringConverter.convert(2);     // 3

```



However `num` must be implicitly final for the code to compile. The following code does **not** compile:



```java

int num = 1;

Converter stringConverter =

        (from) -> String.valueOf(from + num);

num = 3;

```



Writing to `num` from within the lambda expression is also prohibited.



### Accessing fields and static variables



In contrast to local variables, we have both read and write access to instance fields and static variables from within lambda expressions. This behaviour is well known from anonymous objects.



```java

class Lambda4 {

    static int outerStaticNum;

    int outerNum;



    void testScopes() {

        Converter stringConverter1 = (from) -> {

            outerNum = 23;

            return String.valueOf(from);

        };



        Converter stringConverter2 = (from) -> {

            outerStaticNum = 72;

            return String.valueOf(from);

        };

    }

}

```



### Accessing Default Interface Methods



Remember the formula example from the first section? Interface `Formula` defines a default method `sqrt` which can be accessed from each formula instance including anonymous objects. This does not work with lambda expressions.



Default methods **cannot** be accessed from within lambda expressions. The following code does not compile:



```java

Formula formula = (a) -> sqrt(a * 100);

```



## Built-in Functional Interfaces



The JDK 1.8 API contains many built-in functional interfaces. Some of them are well known from older versions of Java like `Comparator` or `Runnable`. Those existing interfaces are extended to enable Lambda support via the `@FunctionalInterface` annotation.



But the Java 8 API is also full of new functional interfaces to make your life easier. Some of those new interfaces are well known from the [Google Guava](https://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/) library. Even if you're familiar with this library you should keep a close eye on how those interfaces are extended by some useful method extensions.



### Predicates



Predicates are boolean-valued functions of one argument. The interface contains various default methods for composing predicates to complex logical terms (and, or, negate)



```java

Predicate predicate = (s) -> s.length() > 0;



predicate.test("foo");              // true

predicate.negate().test("foo");     // false



Predicate nonNull = Objects::nonNull;

Predicate isNull = Objects::isNull;



Predicate isEmpty = String::isEmpty;

Predicate isNotEmpty = isEmpty.negate();

```



### Functions



Functions accept one argument and produce a result. Default methods can be used to chain multiple functions together (compose, andThen).



```java

Function toInteger = Integer::valueOf;

Function backToString = toInteger.andThen(String::valueOf);



backToString.apply("123");     // "123"

```



### Suppliers



Suppliers produce a result of a given generic type. Unlike Functions, Suppliers don't accept arguments.



```java

Supplier personSupplier = Person::new;

personSupplier.get();   // new Person

```



### Consumers



Consumers represent operations to be performed on a single input argument.



```java

Consumer greeter = (p) -> System.out.println("Hello, " + p.firstName);

greeter.accept(new Person("Luke", "Skywalker"));

```



### Comparators



Comparators are well known from older versions of Java. Java 8 adds various default methods to the interface.



```java

Comparator comparator = (p1, p2) -> p1.firstName.compareTo(p2.firstName);



Person p1 = new Person("John", "Doe");

Person p2 = new Person("Alice", "Wonderland");



comparator.compare(p1, p2);             // > 0

comparator.reversed().compare(p1, p2);  // < 0

```



## Optionals



Optionals are not functional interfaces, but nifty utilities to prevent `NullPointerException`. It's an important concept for the next section, so let's have a quick look at how Optionals work.



Optional is a simple container for a value which may be null or non-null. Think of a method which may return a non-null result but sometimes return nothing. Instead of returning `null` you return an `Optional` in Java 8.



```java

Optional optional = Optional.of("bam");



optional.isPresent();           // true

optional.get();                 // "bam"

optional.orElse("fallback");    // "bam"



optional.ifPresent((s) -> System.out.println(s.charAt(0)));     // "b"

```



## Streams



A `java.util.Stream` represents a sequence of elements on which one or more operations can be performed. Stream operations are either _intermediate_ or _terminal_. While terminal operations return a result of a certain type, intermediate operations return the stream itself so you can chain multiple method calls in a row. Streams are created on a source, e.g. a `java.util.Collection` like lists or sets (maps are not supported). Stream operations can either be executed sequentially or parallely.



> Streams are extremely powerful, so I wrote a separate [Java 8 Streams Tutorial](http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/07/31/java8-stream-tutorial-examples/). **You should also check out [Sequency](https://github.com/winterbe/sequency) as a similiar library for the web.**



Let's first look how sequential streams work. First we create a sample source in form of a list of strings:



```java

List stringCollection = new ArrayList<>();

stringCollection.add("ddd2");

stringCollection.add("aaa2");

stringCollection.add("bbb1");

stringCollection.add("aaa1");

stringCollection.add("bbb3");

stringCollection.add("ccc");

stringCollection.add("bbb2");

stringCollection.add("ddd1");

```



Collections in Java 8 are extended so you can simply create streams either by calling `Collection.stream()` or `Collection.parallelStream()`. The following sections explain the most common stream operations.



### Filter



Filter accepts a predicate to filter all elements of the stream. This operation is _intermediate_ which enables us to call another stream operation (`forEach`) on the result. ForEach accepts a consumer to be executed for each element in the filtered stream. ForEach is a terminal operation. It's `void`, so we cannot call another stream operation.



```java

stringCollection

    .stream()

    .filter((s) -> s.startsWith("a"))

    .forEach(System.out::println);



// "aaa2", "aaa1"

```



### Sorted



Sorted is an _intermediate_ operation which returns a sorted view of the stream. The elements are sorted in natural order unless you pass a custom `Comparator`.



```java

stringCollection

    .stream()

    .sorted()

    .filter((s) -> s.startsWith("a"))

    .forEach(System.out::println);



// "aaa1", "aaa2"

```



Keep in mind that `sorted` does only create a sorted view of the stream without manipulating the ordering of the backed collection. The ordering of `stringCollection` is untouched:



```java

System.out.println(stringCollection);

// ddd2, aaa2, bbb1, aaa1, bbb3, ccc, bbb2, ddd1

```



### Map



The _intermediate_ operation `map` converts each element into another object via the given function. The following example converts each string into an upper-cased string. But you can also use `map` to transform each object into another type. The generic type of the resulting stream depends on the generic type of the function you pass to `map`.



```java

stringCollection

    .stream()

    .map(String::toUpperCase)

    .sorted((a, b) -> b.compareTo(a))

    .forEach(System.out::println);



// "DDD2", "DDD1", "CCC", "BBB3", "BBB2", "AAA2", "AAA1"

```



### Match



Various matching operations can be used to check whether a certain predicate matches the stream. All of those operations are _terminal_ and return a boolean result.



```java

boolean anyStartsWithA =

    stringCollection

        .stream()

        .anyMatch((s) -> s.startsWith("a"));



System.out.println(anyStartsWithA);      // true



boolean allStartsWithA =

    stringCollection

        .stream()

        .allMatch((s) -> s.startsWith("a"));



System.out.println(allStartsWithA);      // false



boolean noneStartsWithZ =

    stringCollection

        .stream()

        .noneMatch((s) -> s.startsWith("z"));



System.out.println(noneStartsWithZ);      // true

```



#### Count



Count is a _terminal_ operation returning the number of elements in the stream as a `long`.



```java

long startsWithB =

    stringCollection

        .stream()

        .filter((s) -> s.startsWith("b"))

        .count();



System.out.println(startsWithB);    // 3

```



### Reduce



This _terminal_ operation performs a reduction on the elements of the stream with the given function. The result is an `Optional` holding the reduced value.



```java

Optional reduced =

    stringCollection

        .stream()

        .sorted()

        .reduce((s1, s2) -> s1 + "#" + s2);



reduced.ifPresent(System.out::println);

// "aaa1#aaa2#bbb1#bbb2#bbb3#ccc#ddd1#ddd2"

```



## Parallel Streams



As mentioned above streams can be either sequential or parallel. Operations on sequential streams are performed on a single thread while operations on parallel streams are performed concurrently on multiple threads.



The following example demonstrates how easy it is to increase the performance by using parallel streams.



First we create a large list of unique elements:



```java

int max = 1000000;

List values = new ArrayList<>(max);

for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {

    UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();

    values.add(uuid.toString());

}

```



Now we measure the time it takes to sort a stream of this collection.



### Sequential Sort



```java

long t0 = System.nanoTime();



long count = values.stream().sorted().count();

System.out.println(count);



long t1 = System.nanoTime();



long millis = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(t1 - t0);

System.out.println(String.format("sequential sort took: %d ms", millis));



// sequential sort took: 899 ms

```



### Parallel Sort



```java

long t0 = System.nanoTime();



long count = values.parallelStream().sorted().count();

System.out.println(count);



long t1 = System.nanoTime();



long millis = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(t1 - t0);

System.out.println(String.format("parallel sort took: %d ms", millis));



// parallel sort took: 472 ms

```



As you can see both code snippets are almost identical but the parallel sort is roughly 50% faster. All you have to do is change `stream()` to `parallelStream()`.



## Maps



As already mentioned maps do not directly support streams. There's no `stream()` method available on the `Map` interface itself, however you can create specialized streams upon the keys, values or entries of a map via `map.keySet().stream()`, `map.values().stream()` and `map.entrySet().stream()`. 



Furthermore maps support various new and useful methods for doing common tasks.



```java

Map map = new HashMap<>();



for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

    map.putIfAbsent(i, "val" + i);

}



map.forEach((id, val) -> System.out.println(val));

```



The above code should be self-explaining: `putIfAbsent` prevents us from writing additional if null checks; `forEach` accepts a consumer to perform operations for each value of the map.



This example shows how to compute code on the map by utilizing functions:



```java

map.computeIfPresent(3, (num, val) -> val + num);

map.get(3);             // val33



map.computeIfPresent(9, (num, val) -> null);

map.containsKey(9);     // false



map.computeIfAbsent(23, num -> "val" + num);

map.containsKey(23);    // true



map.computeIfAbsent(3, num -> "bam");

map.get(3);             // val33

```



Next, we learn how to remove entries for a given key, only if it's currently mapped to a given value:



```java

map.remove(3, "val3");

map.get(3);             // val33



map.remove(3, "val33");

map.get(3);             // null

```



Another helpful method:



```java

map.getOrDefault(42, "not found");  // not found

```



Merging entries of a map is quite easy:



```java

map.merge(9, "val9", (value, newValue) -> value.concat(newValue));

map.get(9);             // val9



map.merge(9, "concat", (value, newValue) -> value.concat(newValue));

map.get(9);             // val9concat

```



Merge either put the key/value into the map if no entry for the key exists, or the merging function will be called to change the existing value.



## Date API



Java 8 contains a brand new date and time API under the package `java.time`. The new Date API is comparable with the [Joda-Time](http://www.joda.org/joda-time/) library, however it's [not the same](http://blog.joda.org/2009/11/why-jsr-310-isn-joda-time_4941.html). The following examples cover the most important parts of this new API.



### Clock



Clock provides access to the current date and time. Clocks are aware of a timezone and may be used instead of `System.currentTimeMillis()` to retrieve the current time in milliseconds since Unix EPOCH. Such an instantaneous point on the time-line is also represented by the class `Instant`. Instants can be used to create legacy `java.util.Date` objects.



```java

Clock clock = Clock.systemDefaultZone();

long millis = clock.millis();



Instant instant = clock.instant();

Date legacyDate = Date.from(instant);   // legacy java.util.Date

```



### Timezones



Timezones are represented by a `ZoneId`. They can easily be accessed via static factory methods. Timezones define the offsets which are important to convert between instants and local dates and times.



```java

System.out.println(ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds());

// prints all available timezone ids



ZoneId zone1 = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin");

ZoneId zone2 = ZoneId.of("Brazil/East");

System.out.println(zone1.getRules());

System.out.println(zone2.getRules());



// ZoneRules[currentStandardOffset=+01:00]

// ZoneRules[currentStandardOffset=-03:00]

```



### LocalTime



LocalTime represents a time without a timezone, e.g. 10pm or 17:30:15. The following example creates two local times for the timezones defined above. Then we compare both times and calculate the difference in hours and minutes between both times.



```java

LocalTime now1 = LocalTime.now(zone1);

LocalTime now2 = LocalTime.now(zone2);



System.out.println(now1.isBefore(now2));  // false



long hoursBetween = ChronoUnit.HOURS.between(now1, now2);

long minutesBetween = ChronoUnit.MINUTES.between(now1, now2);



System.out.println(hoursBetween);       // -3

System.out.println(minutesBetween);     // -239

```



LocalTime comes with various factory methods to simplify the creation of new instances, including parsing of time strings.



```java

LocalTime late = LocalTime.of(23, 59, 59);

System.out.println(late);       // 23:59:59



DateTimeFormatter germanFormatter =

    DateTimeFormatter

        .ofLocalizedTime(FormatStyle.SHORT)

        .withLocale(Locale.GERMAN);



LocalTime leetTime = LocalTime.parse("13:37", germanFormatter);

System.out.println(leetTime);   // 13:37

```



### LocalDate



LocalDate represents a distinct date, e.g. 2014-03-11. It's immutable and works exactly analog to LocalTime. The sample demonstrates how to calculate new dates by adding or subtracting days, months or years. Keep in mind that each manipulation returns a new instance.



```java

LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();

LocalDate tomorrow = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.DAYS);

LocalDate yesterday = tomorrow.minusDays(2);



LocalDate independenceDay = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JULY, 4);

DayOfWeek dayOfWeek = independenceDay.getDayOfWeek();

System.out.println(dayOfWeek);    // FRIDAY

```



Parsing a LocalDate from a string is just as simple as parsing a LocalTime:



```java

DateTimeFormatter germanFormatter =

    DateTimeFormatter

        .ofLocalizedDate(FormatStyle.MEDIUM)

        .withLocale(Locale.GERMAN);



LocalDate xmas = LocalDate.parse("24.12.2014", germanFormatter);

System.out.println(xmas);   // 2014-12-24

```



### LocalDateTime



LocalDateTime represents a date-time. It combines date and time as seen in the above sections into one instance. `LocalDateTime` is immutable and works similar to LocalTime and LocalDate. We can utilize methods for retrieving certain fields from a date-time:



```java

LocalDateTime sylvester = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.DECEMBER, 31, 23, 59, 59);



DayOfWeek dayOfWeek = sylvester.getDayOfWeek();

System.out.println(dayOfWeek);      // WEDNESDAY



Month month = sylvester.getMonth();

System.out.println(month);          // DECEMBER



long minuteOfDay = sylvester.getLong(ChronoField.MINUTE_OF_DAY);

System.out.println(minuteOfDay);    // 1439

```



With the additional information of a timezone it can be converted to an instant. Instants can easily be converted to legacy dates of type `java.util.Date`.



```java

Instant instant = sylvester

        .atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault())

        .toInstant();



Date legacyDate = Date.from(instant);

System.out.println(legacyDate);     // Wed Dec 31 23:59:59 CET 2014

```



Formatting date-times works just like formatting dates or times. Instead of using pre-defined formats we can create formatters from custom patterns.



```java

DateTimeFormatter formatter =

    DateTimeFormatter

        .ofPattern("MMM dd, yyyy - HH:mm");



LocalDateTime parsed = LocalDateTime.parse("Nov 03, 2014 - 07:13", formatter);

String string = formatter.format(parsed);

System.out.println(string);     // Nov 03, 2014 - 07:13

```



Unlike `java.text.NumberFormat` the new `DateTimeFormatter` is immutable and **thread-safe**.



For details on the pattern syntax read [here](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/format/DateTimeFormatter.html).



## Annotations



Annotations in Java 8 are repeatable. Let's dive directly into an example to figure that out.



First, we define a wrapper annotation which holds an array of the actual annotations:



```java

@interface Hints {

    Hint[] value();

}



@Repeatable(Hints.class)

@interface Hint {

    String value();

}

```

Java 8 enables us to use multiple annotations of the same type by declaring the annotation `@Repeatable`.



### Variant 1: Using the container annotation (old school)



```java

@Hints({@Hint("hint1"), @Hint("hint2")})

class Person {}

```



### Variant 2: Using repeatable annotations (new school)



```java

@Hint("hint1")

@Hint("hint2")

class Person {}

```



Using variant 2 the java compiler implicitly sets up the `@Hints` annotation under the hood. That's important for reading annotation information via reflection.



```java

Hint hint = Person.class.getAnnotation(Hint.class);

System.out.println(hint);                   // null



Hints hints1 = Person.class.getAnnotation(Hints.class);

System.out.println(hints1.value().length);  // 2



Hint[] hints2 = Person.class.getAnnotationsByType(Hint.class);

System.out.println(hints2.length);          // 2

```



Although we never declared the `@Hints` annotation on the `Person` class, it's still readable via `getAnnotation(Hints.class)`. However, the more convenient method is `getAnnotationsByType` which grants direct access to all annotated `@Hint` annotations.



Furthermore the usage of annotations in Java 8 is expanded to two new targets:



```java

@Target({ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER, ElementType.TYPE_USE})

@interface MyAnnotation {}

```



## Where to go from here?



My programming guide to Java 8 ends here. If you want to learn more about all the new classes and features of the JDK 8 API, check out my [JDK8 API Explorer](http://winterbe.com/projects/java8-explorer/). It helps you figuring out all the new classes and hidden gems of JDK 8, like `Arrays.parallelSort`, `StampedLock` and `CompletableFuture` - just to name a few.



I've also published a bunch of follow-up articles on my [blog](http://winterbe.com) that might be interesting to you:



- [Java 8 Stream Tutorial](http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/07/31/java8-stream-tutorial-examples/)

- [Java 8 Nashorn Tutorial](http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/04/05/java8-nashorn-tutorial/)

- [Java 8 Concurrency Tutorial: Threads and Executors](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/04/07/java8-concurrency-tutorial-thread-executor-examples/)

- [Java 8 Concurrency Tutorial: Synchronization and Locks](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/04/30/java8-concurrency-tutorial-synchronized-locks-examples/)

- [Java 8 Concurrency Tutorial: Atomic Variables and ConcurrentMap](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/05/22/java8-concurrency-tutorial-atomic-concurrent-map-examples/)

- [Java 8 API by Example: Strings, Numbers, Math and Files](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/03/25/java8-examples-string-number-math-files/)

- [Avoid Null Checks in Java 8](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/03/15/avoid-null-checks-in-java/)

- [Fixing Java 8 Stream Gotchas with IntelliJ IDEA](http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/03/05/fixing-java-8-stream-gotchas-with-intellij-idea/)

- [Using Backbone.js with Java 8 Nashorn](http://winterbe.com/posts/2014/04/07/using-backbonejs-with-nashorn/)



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