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https://github.com/wolflo/evm-opcodes
A quick reference for EVM opcodes
https://github.com/wolflo/evm-opcodes
Last synced: about 1 month ago
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A quick reference for EVM opcodes
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/wolflo/evm-opcodes
- Owner: wolflo
- License: mit
- Created: 2019-12-24T20:33:34.000Z (almost 5 years ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2023-09-21T12:25:28.000Z (about 1 year ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-08-01T22:48:40.313Z (4 months ago)
- Size: 94.7 KB
- Stars: 754
- Watchers: 15
- Forks: 103
- Open Issues: 6
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project
- Library-of-Ethereum - EVM Opcodes - This is intended to be an accessible reference, but it is informal and does not address opcode semantics (EVM / Cairo)
README
# EVM Opcodes
Opcode costs are drawn from the [Yellow Paper](https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), the [Jello Paper](https://jellopaper.org/evm/), and the [geth](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum) implementation.
This is intended to be an accessible reference, but it is informal and does not address opcode semantics.
If you want to be certain of correctness and aware of every edge case, I would suggest using the Jello Paper or a client implementation.
If you are looking for an informal reference with more information about opcode semantics, try [evm.codes](https://www.evm.codes/).
For operations with dynamic gas costs, see [gas.md](gas.md).
### Notation
* `a, b` => `a + b` indicates that the `ADD` opcode takes two items off the stack (`a` and `b`) and places the sum of these two values on the stack. The leftmost item (`a`) is the top of the stack.
* All stack descriptions elide subsequent items that may be on the stack. It can be assumed that unspecified stack elements do not influence the semantics of an operation, except when a stack overflow would result.
* The maximum stack size is 1024 items, and all stack items are 32 bytes.
* `a // b` indicates flooring division. The result of division by 0 in the EVM is 0.
* All arithmetic operations are modulo 2\*\*256.
* Including the designated `INVALID` opcode, the EVM currently implements 141 opcodes, 65 of which are duplicates indicating the number of operands (`PUSHn`, `DUPn`, `SWAPn`, `LOGn`).
#
| Hex | Name | Gas | Stack | Mem / Storage | Notes |
| :---: | :--- | :---: | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| | | | top, bottom| | |
00 | STOP | 0 | | || halt execution
01 | ADD | 3 | `a, b` => `a + b` || (u)int256 addition modulo 2\*\*256
02 | MUL | 5 | `a, b` => `a * b` || (u)int256 multiplication modulo 2\*\*256
03 | SUB | 3 | `a, b` => `a - b` || (u)int256 addition modulo 2\*\*256
04 | DIV | 5 | `a, b` => `a // b` || uint256 division
05 | SDIV | 5 | `a, b` => `a // b` || int256 division
06 | MOD | 5 | `a, b` => `a % b` || uint256 modulus
07 | SMOD | 5 | `a, b` => `a % b` || int256 modulus
08 | ADDMOD | 8 | `a, b, N` => `(a + b) % N` || (u)int256 addition modulo N
09 | MULMOD | 8 | `a, b, N` => `(a * b) % N` || (u)int256 multiplication modulo N
0A | EXP |[A1](gas.md#a1-exp)| `a, b` => `a ** b` || uint256 exponentiation modulo 2\*\*256
0B | SIGNEXTEND | 5 | `b, x` => `SIGNEXTEND(x, b)` || [sign extend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_extension) `x` from `(b+1)` bytes to 32 bytes
0C-0F | *invalid*
10 | LT | 3 | `a, b` => `a < b` || uint256 less-than
11 | GT | 3 | `a, b` => `a > b` || uint256 greater-than
12 | SLT | 3 | `a, b` => `a < b` || int256 less-than
13 | SGT | 3 | `a, b` => `a > b` || int256 greater-than
14 | EQ | 3 | `a, b` => `a == b` || (u)int256 equality
15 | ISZERO | 3 | `a` => `a == 0` || (u)int256 iszero
16 | AND | 3 | `a, b` => `a && b` || bitwise AND
17 | OR | 3 | `a, b` => `a \|\| b` || bitwise OR
18 | XOR | 3 | `a, b` => `a ^ b` || bitwise XOR
19 | NOT | 3 | `a` => `~a` || bitwise NOT
1A | BYTE | 3 | `i, x` => `(x >> (248 - i * 8)) && 0xFF` || `i`th byte of (u)int256 `x`, from the left
1B | SHL | 3 | `shift, val` => `val << shift` || shift left
1C | SHR | 3 | `shift, val` => `val >> shift` || logical shift right
1D | SAR | 3 | `shift, val` => `val >> shift` || arithmetic shift right
1E-1F | *invalid*
20 | SHA3 |[A2](gas.md#a2-sha3)| `ost, len` => `keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len])` || keccak256
21-2F | *invalid*
30 | ADDRESS | 2 | `.` => `address(this)` || address of executing contract
31 | BALANCE |[A5](gas.md#a5-balance-extcodesize-extcodehash)| `addr` => `addr.balance` || balance, in wei
32 | ORIGIN | 2 | `.` => `tx.origin` || address that originated the tx
33 | CALLER | 2 | `.` => `msg.sender` || address of msg sender
34 | CALLVALUE | 2 | `.` => `msg.value` || msg value, in wei
35 | CALLDATALOAD | 3 | `idx` => `msg.data[idx:idx+32]` || read word from msg data at index `idx`
36 | CALLDATASIZE | 2 | `.` => `len(msg.data)` || length of msg data, in bytes
37 | CALLDATACOPY |[A3](gas.md#a3-copy-operations)| `dstOst, ost, len` => `.` | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len] := msg.data[ost:ost+len | copy msg data
38 | CODESIZE | 2 | `.` => `len(this.code)` || length of executing contract's code, in bytes
39 | CODECOPY |[A3](gas.md#a3-copy-operations)| `dstOst, ost, len` => `.` || mem[dstOst:dstOst+len] := this.code[ost:ost+len] | copy executing contract's bytecode
3A | GASPRICE | 2 | `.` => `tx.gasprice` || gas price of tx, in wei per unit gas [\*\*](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/0341984ff14c8ce398f6d2b3e009c07cd99df8eb/EIPS/eip-1559.md#gasprice)
3B | EXTCODESIZE |[A5](gas.md#a5-balance-extcodesize-extcodehash)| `addr` => `len(addr.code)` || size of code at addr, in bytes
3C | EXTCODECOPY |[A4](gas.md#a4-extcodecopy)|`addr, dstOst, ost, len` => `.` | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len] := addr.code[ost:ost+len] | copy code from `addr`
3D |RETURNDATASIZE | 2 | `.` => `size` || size of returned data from last external call, in bytes
3E |RETURNDATACOPY |[A3](gas.md#a3-copy-operations)| `dstOst, ost, len` => `.` | mem[dstOst:dstOst+len] := returndata[ost:ost+len] | copy returned data from last external call
3F | EXTCODEHASH |[A5](gas.md#a5-balance-extcodesize-extcodehash)| `addr` => `hash` || hash = addr.exists ? keccak256(addr.code) : 0
40 | BLOCKHASH | 20 | `blockNum` => `blockHash(blockNum)` ||
41 | COINBASE | 2 | `.` => `block.coinbase` || address of miner of current block
42 | TIMESTAMP | 2 | `.` => `block.timestamp` || timestamp of current block
43 | NUMBER | 2 | `.` => `block.number` || number of current block
44 | DIFFICULTY | 2 | `.` => `block.difficulty` || difficulty of current block
45 | GASLIMIT | 2 | `.` => `block.gaslimit` || gas limit of current block
46 | CHAINID | 2 | `.` => `chain_id` || push current [chain id](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-155) onto stack
47 | SELFBALANCE | 5 | `.` => `address(this).balance` || balance of executing contract, in wei
48 | BASEFEE | 2 | `.` => `block.basefee` || base fee of current block
49-4F | *invalid*
50 | POP | 2 | `_anon` => `.` || remove item from top of stack and discard it
51 | MLOAD |3[\*](gas.md#a0-1-memory-expansion)| `ost` => `mem[ost:ost+32]` || read word from memory at offset `ost`
52 | MSTORE |3[\*](gas.md#a0-1-memory-expansion)| `ost, val` => `.` | mem[ost:ost+32] := val | write a word to memory
53 | MSTORE8 |3[\*](gas.md#a0-1-memory-expansion)| `ost, val` => `.` | mem[ost] := val && 0xFF | write a single byte to memory
54 | SLOAD |[A6](gas.md#a6-sload)| `key` => `storage[key]` || read word from storage
55 | SSTORE |[A7](gas.md#a7-sstore) | `key, val` => `.` | storage[key] := val | write word to storage
56 | JUMP | 8 | `dst` => `.` || `$pc := dst`
57 | JUMPI | 10 | `dst, condition` => `.` || `$pc := condition ? dst : $pc + 1`
58 | PC | 2 | `.` => `$pc` || program counter
59 | MSIZE | 2 | `.` => `len(mem)` || size of memory in current execution context, in bytes
5A | GAS | 2 | `.` => `gasRemaining` ||
5B | JUMPDEST | 1 | || mark valid jump destination
5C-5F | *invalid*
60 | PUSH1 | 3 | `.` => `uint8` || push 1-byte value onto stack
61 | PUSH2 | 3 | `.` => `uint16` || push 2-byte value onto stack
62 | PUSH3 | 3 | `.` => `uint24` || push 3-byte value onto stack
63 | PUSH4 | 3 | `.` => `uint32` || push 4-byte value onto stack
64 | PUSH5 | 3 | `.` => `uint40` || push 5-byte value onto stack
65 | PUSH6 | 3 | `.` => `uint48` || push 6-byte value onto stack
66 | PUSH7 | 3 | `.` => `uint56` || push 7-byte value onto stack
67 | PUSH8 | 3 | `.` => `uint64` || push 8-byte value onto stack
68 | PUSH9 | 3 | `.` => `uint72` || push 9-byte value onto stack
69 | PUSH10 | 3 | `.` => `uint80` || push 10-byte value onto stack
6A | PUSH11 | 3 | `.` => `uint88` || push 11-byte value onto stack
6B | PUSH12 | 3 | `.` => `uint96` || push 12-byte value onto stack
6C | PUSH13 | 3 | `.` => `uint104` || push 13-byte value onto stack
6D | PUSH14 | 3 | `.` => `uint112` || push 14-byte value onto stack
6E | PUSH15 | 3 | `.` => `uint120` || push 15-byte value onto stack
6F | PUSH16 | 3 | `.` => `uint128` || push 16-byte value onto stack
70 | PUSH17 | 3 | `.` => `uint136` || push 17-byte value onto stack
71 | PUSH18 | 3 | `.` => `uint144` || push 18-byte value onto stack
72 | PUSH19 | 3 | `.` => `uint152` || push 19-byte value onto stack
73 | PUSH20 | 3 | `.` => `uint160` || push 20-byte value onto stack
74 | PUSH21 | 3 | `.` => `uint168` || push 21-byte value onto stack
75 | PUSH22 | 3 | `.` => `uint176` || push 22-byte value onto stack
76 | PUSH23 | 3 | `.` => `uint184` || push 23-byte value onto stack
77 | PUSH24 | 3 | `.` => `uint192` || push 24-byte value onto stack
78 | PUSH25 | 3 | `.` => `uint200` || push 25-byte value onto stack
79 | PUSH26 | 3 | `.` => `uint208` || push 26-byte value onto stack
7A | PUSH27 | 3 | `.` => `uint216` || push 27-byte value onto stack
7B | PUSH28 | 3 | `.` => `uint224` || push 28-byte value onto stack
7C | PUSH29 | 3 | `.` => `uint232` || push 29-byte value onto stack
7D | PUSH30 | 3 | `.` => `uint240` || push 30-byte value onto stack
7E | PUSH31 | 3 | `.` => `uint248` || push 31-byte value onto stack
7F | PUSH32 | 3 | `.` => `uint256` || push 32-byte value onto stack
80 | DUP1 | 3 | `a` => `a, a` || clone 1st value on stack
81 | DUP2 | 3 | `_, a` => `a, _, a` || clone 2nd value on stack
82 | DUP3 | 3 | `_, _, a` => `a, _, _, a` || clone 3rd value on stack
83 | DUP4 | 3 | `_, _, _, a` => `a, _, _, _, a` || clone 4th value on stack
84 | DUP5 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 5th value on stack
85 | DUP6 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 6th value on stack
86 | DUP7 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 7th value on stack
87 | DUP8 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 8th value on stack
88 | DUP9 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 9th value on stack
89 | DUP10 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 10th value on stack
8A | DUP11 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 11th value on stack
8B | DUP12 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 12th value on stack
8C | DUP13 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 13th value on stack
8D | DUP14 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 14th value on stack
8E | DUP15 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 15th value on stack
8F | DUP16 | 3 | `..., a` => `a, ..., a` || clone 16th value on stack
90 | SWAP1 | 3 | `a, b` => `b, a` ||
91 | SWAP2 | 3 | `a, _, b` => `b, _, a` ||
92 | SWAP3 | 3 | `a, _, _, b` => `b, _, _, a` ||
93 | SWAP4 | 3 | `a, _, _, _, b` => `b, _, _, _, a` ||
94 | SWAP5 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
95 | SWAP6 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
96 | SWAP7 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
97 | SWAP8 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
98 | SWAP9 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
99 | SWAP10 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9A | SWAP11 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9B | SWAP12 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9C | SWAP13 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9D | SWAP14 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9E | SWAP15 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
9F | SWAP16 | 3 | `a, ..., b` => `b, ..., a` ||
A0 | LOG0 |[A8](gas.md#a8-log-operations)| `ost, len` => `.` || LOG0(memory[ost:ost+len])
A1 | LOG1 |[A8](gas.md#a8-log-operations)| `ost, len, topic0` => `.` || LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len], topic0)
A2 | LOG2 |[A8](gas.md#a8-log-operations)| `ost, len, topic0, topic1` => `.` || LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len], topic0, topic1)
A3 | LOG3 |[A8](gas.md#a8-log-operations)| `ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2` => `.` || LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len], topic0, topic1, topic2)
A4 | LOG4 |[A8](gas.md#a8-log-operations)| `ost, len, topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3` => `.` || LOG1(memory[ost:ost+len], topic0, topic1, topic2, topic3)
A5-EF | *invalid*
F0 | CREATE |[A9](gas.md#a9-create-operations)| `val, ost, len` => `addr` || addr = keccak256(rlp\_encode([address(this), this.nonce]))
F1 | CALL |[AA](gas.md#aa-call-operations)| gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen => `success` | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen] := returndata |
F2 | CALLCODE |[AA](gas.md#aa-call-operations)| `gas, addr, val, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen` => `success` | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen] = returndata | same as DELEGATECALL, but does not propagate original msg.sender and msg.value
F3 | RETURN |0[\*](gas.md#a0-1-memory-expansion)| `ost, len` => `.` || return mem[ost:ost+len]
F4 | DELEGATECALL |[AA](gas.md#aa-call-operations)| `gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen`
=> `success` | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen] := returndata |
F5 | CREATE2 |[A9](gas.md#a9-create-operations)| `val, ost, len, salt` => `addr` || addr = keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ salt ++ keccak256(mem[ost:ost+len]))[12:]
F6-F9 | *invalid*
FA | STATICCALL |[AA](gas.md#aa-call-operations)| `gas, addr, argOst, argLen, retOst, retLen` => `success` | mem[retOst:retOst+retLen] := returndata |
FB-FC | *invalid*
FD | REVERT |0[\*](gas.md#a0-1-memory-expansion)| `ost, len` => `.` || revert(mem[ost:ost+len])
FE | INVALID |[AF](gas.md#af-invalid) ||| designated invalid opcode - [EIP-141](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-141)
FF | SELFDESTRUCT |[AB](gas.md#ab-selfdestruct)| `addr` => `.` ||| destroy contract and sends all funds to `addr`