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:wrench: Middleware for keeping track of users, login states and permissions, using the HSTORE feature in PostgreSQL
https://github.com/xyproto/pstore

auth hstore middleware permissions postgresql

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:wrench: Middleware for keeping track of users, login states and permissions, using the HSTORE feature in PostgreSQL

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# PostgreSQL Store

[![Build](https://github.com/xyproto/pstore/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/xyproto/pstore/actions/workflows/test.yml) [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/xyproto/pstore)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/xyproto/pstore) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD-green.svg?style=flat)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xyproto/pstore/main/LICENSE)

Middleware for keeping track of users, login states and permissions.

Uses [PostgreSQL](https://postgresql.org) for the database. For using [Redis](http://redis.io) as a backend instead, look into [permissions2](https://github.com/xyproto/permissions2).
There is also a [BoltDB](https://github.com/xyproto/permissionbolt) and [MariaDB/MySQL](https://github.com/xyproto/permissionsql) backend. They are interchangeable.

Online API Documentation
------------------------

[godoc.org](https://godoc.org/github.com/xyproto/pstore)

Connecting
----------

For connecting to a PostgreSQL host that is running locally, the `New` function can be used. For connecting to a remote server, the `NewWithDSN` function can be used.

Features and limitations
------------------------

* Uses secure cookies and stores user information in a PostgreSQL database.
* Suitable for connecting to a local or remote PostgreSQL server, registering/confirming users and managing public/user/admin pages.
* Supports registration and confirmation via generated confirmation codes.
* Tries to keep things simple.
* Only supports "public", "user" and "admin" permissions out of the box, but offers functionality for implementing more fine grained permissions, if so desired.
* Supports [Negroni](https://github.com/codegangsta/negroni), [Martini](https://github.com/go-martini/martini), [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin), [Goji](https://github.com/zenazn/goji) and plain `net/http`.
* Should also work with other frameworks, since the standard http.HandlerFunc is used everywhere.
* The default permissions can be cleared with the Clear() function.

Example for [Negroni](https://github.com/codegangsta/negroni)
--------------------
~~~ go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"

"github.com/codegangsta/negroni"
"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
)

func main() {
n := negroni.Classic()
mux := http.NewServeMux()

// New pstore middleware
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}

// Blank slate, no default permissions
//perm.Clear()

// Get the userstate, used in the handlers below
userstate := perm.UserState()

mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Has user bob: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Logged in on server: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Is confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Username stored in cookies (or blank): %v\n", userstate.Username(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *user rights*: %v\n", userstate.UserRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *admin rights*: %v\n", userstate.AdminRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nTry: /register, /confirm, /remove, /login, /logout, /makeadmin, /clear, /data and /admin")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/register", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.AddUser("bob", "hunter1", "[email protected]")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was created: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/confirm", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.MarkConfirmed("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/remove", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.RemoveUser("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was removed: %v\n", !userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/login", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Login(w, "bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged in: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/logout", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Logout("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged out: %v\n", !userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/makeadmin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.SetAdminStatus("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now administrator: %v\n", userstate.IsAdmin("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/clear", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.ClearCookie(w)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Clearing cookie")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/data", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "user page that only logged in users must see!")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/admin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "super secret information that only logged in administrators must see!\n\n")
if usernames, err := userstate.AllUsernames(); err == nil {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "list of all users: "+strings.Join(usernames, ", "))
}
})

// Custom handler for when permissions are denied
perm.SetDenyFunction(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
http.Error(w, "Permission denied!", http.StatusForbidden)
})

// Enable the pstore middleware
n.Use(perm)

// Use mux for routing, this goes last
n.UseHandler(mux)

// Serve
n.Run(":3000")
}
~~~

Example for [Martini](https://github.com/go-martini/martini)
--------------------
~~~ go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"

"github.com/go-martini/martini"
"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
)

func main() {
m := martini.Classic()

// New pstore middleware
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}

// Blank slate, no default permissions
//perm.Clear()

// Get the userstate, used in the handlers below
userstate := perm.UserState()

m.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Has user bob: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Logged in on server: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Is confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Username stored in cookies (or blank): %v\n", userstate.Username(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *user rights*: %v\n", userstate.UserRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *admin rights*: %v\n", userstate.AdminRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nTry: /register, /confirm, /remove, /login, /logout, /makeadmin, /clear, /data and /admin")
})

m.Get("/register", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.AddUser("bob", "hunter1", "[email protected]")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was created: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

m.Get("/confirm", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.MarkConfirmed("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
})

m.Get("/remove", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.RemoveUser("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was removed: %v\n", !userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

m.Get("/login", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.Login(w, "bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged in: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

m.Get("/logout", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.Logout("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged out: %v\n", !userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

m.Get("/makeadmin", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.SetAdminStatus("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now administrator: %v\n", userstate.IsAdmin("bob"))
})

m.Get("/clear", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
userstate.ClearCookie(w)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Clearing cookie")
})

m.Get("/data", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "user page that only logged in users must see!")
})

m.Get("/admin", func(w http.ResponseWriter) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "super secret information that only logged in administrators must see!\n\n")
if usernames, err := userstate.AllUsernames(); err == nil {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "list of all users: "+strings.Join(usernames, ", "))
}
})

// Set up a middleware handler for Martini, with a custom "permission denied" message.
permissionHandler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request, c martini.Context) {
// Check if the user has the right admin/user rights
if perm.Rejected(w, req) {
// Deny the request
http.Error(w, "Permission denied!", http.StatusForbidden)
// Reject the request by not calling the next handler below
return
}
// Call the next middleware handler
c.Next()
}

// Enable the pstore middleware
m.Use(permissionHandler)

// Serve
m.Run()
}
~~~

Example for [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
--------------------
~~~ go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"

"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
)

func main() {
g := gin.New()

// New pstore middleware
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}

// Blank slate, no default permissions
//perm.Clear()

// Set up a middleware handler for Gin, with a custom "permission denied" message.
permissionHandler := func(c *gin.Context) {
// Check if the user has the right admin/user rights
if perm.Rejected(c.Writer, c.Request) {
// Deny the request, don't call other middleware handlers
c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusForbidden)
fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, "Permission denied!")
return
}
// Call the next middleware handler
c.Next()
}

// Logging middleware
g.Use(gin.Logger())

// Enable the pstore middleware, must come before recovery
g.Use(permissionHandler)

// Recovery middleware
g.Use(gin.Recovery())

// Get the userstate, used in the handlers below
userstate := perm.UserState()

g.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
msg := ""
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Has user bob: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Logged in on server: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Is confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Username stored in cookies (or blank): %v\n", userstate.Username(c.Request))
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *user rights*: %v\n", userstate.UserRights(c.Request))
msg += fmt.Sprintf("Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *admin rights*: %v\n", userstate.AdminRights(c.Request))
msg += fmt.Sprintln("\nTry: /register, /confirm, /remove, /login, /logout, /makeadmin, /clear, /data and /admin")
c.String(http.StatusOK, msg)
})

g.GET("/register", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.AddUser("bob", "hunter1", "[email protected]")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("User bob was created: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob")))
})

g.GET("/confirm", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.MarkConfirmed("bob")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("User bob was confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob")))
})

g.GET("/remove", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.RemoveUser("bob")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("User bob was removed: %v\n", !userstate.HasUser("bob")))
})

g.GET("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
// Headers will be written, for storing a cookie
userstate.Login(c.Writer, "bob")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("bob is now logged in: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob")))
})

g.GET("/logout", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.Logout("bob")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("bob is now logged out: %v\n", !userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob")))
})

g.GET("/makeadmin", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.SetAdminStatus("bob")
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("bob is now administrator: %v\n", userstate.IsAdmin("bob")))
})

g.GET("/clear", func(c *gin.Context) {
userstate.ClearCookie(c.Writer)
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Clearing cookie")
})

g.GET("/data", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "user page that only logged in users must see!")
})

g.GET("/admin", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "super secret information that only logged in administrators must see!\n\n")
if usernames, err := userstate.AllUsernames(); err == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "list of all users: "+strings.Join(usernames, ", "))
}
})

// Serve
g.Run(":3000")
}
~~~

Example for [Goji](https://github.com/zenazn/goji)
--------------------
~~~ go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"

"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
"github.com/zenazn/goji"
)

func main() {
// New permissions middleware
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}

// Blank slate, no default permissions
//perm.Clear()

// Get the userstate, used in the handlers below
userstate := perm.UserState()

goji.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Has user bob: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Logged in on server: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Is confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Username stored in cookies (or blank): %v\n", userstate.Username(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *user rights*: %v\n", userstate.UserRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *admin rights*: %v\n", userstate.AdminRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nTry: /register, /confirm, /remove, /login, /logout, /makeadmin, /clear, /data and /admin")
})

goji.Get("/register", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.AddUser("bob", "hunter1", "[email protected]")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was created: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/confirm", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.MarkConfirmed("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/remove", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.RemoveUser("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was removed: %v\n", !userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/login", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Login(w, "bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged in: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/logout", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Logout("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged out: %v\n", !userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/makeadmin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.SetAdminStatus("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now administrator: %v\n", userstate.IsAdmin("bob"))
})

goji.Get("/clear", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.ClearCookie(w)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Clearing cookie")
})

goji.Get("/data", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "user page that only logged in users must see!")
})

goji.Get("/admin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "super secret information that only logged in administrators must see!\n\n")
if usernames, err := userstate.AllUsernames(); err == nil {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "list of all users: "+strings.Join(usernames, ", "))
}
})

// Custom "permissions denied" message
perm.SetDenyFunction(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
http.Error(w, "Permission denied!", http.StatusForbidden)
})

// Permissions middleware for Goji
permissionHandler := func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
// Check if the user has the right admin/user rights
if perm.Rejected(w, req) {
// Deny the request
perm.DenyFunction()(w, req)
return
}
// Serve the requested page
next.ServeHTTP(w, req)
})
}

// Enable the permissions middleware
goji.Use(permissionHandler)

// Goji will listen to port 8000 by default
goji.Serve()
}
~~~

Example for just `net/http`
--------------------

~~~ go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"
"time"

"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
"github.com/xyproto/pinterface"
)

type permissionHandler struct {
// perm is a Permissions structure that can be used to deny requests
// and acquire the UserState. By using `pinterface.IPermissions` instead
// of `*pstore.Permissions`, the code is compatible with not only
// `pstore`, but also other modules that uses other database
// backends, like `permissions2` which uses Redis.
perm pinterface.IPermissions

// The HTTP multiplexer
mux *http.ServeMux
}

// Implement the ServeHTTP method to make a permissionHandler a http.Handler
func (ph *permissionHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
// Check if the user has the right admin/user rights
if ph.perm.Rejected(w, req) {
// Let the user know, by calling the custom "permission denied" function
ph.perm.DenyFunction()(w, req)
// Reject the request by not calling the next handler below
return
}
// Serve the requested page if permissions were granted
ph.mux.ServeHTTP(w, req)
}

func main() {
mux := http.NewServeMux()

// New pstore middleware
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Could not open Bolt database")
}

// Blank slate, no default permissions
//perm.Clear()

// Get the userstate, used in the handlers below
userstate := perm.UserState()

mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Has user bob: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Logged in on server: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Is confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Username stored in cookies (or blank): %v\n", userstate.Username(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *user rights*: %v\n", userstate.UserRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current user is logged in, has a valid cookie and *admin rights*: %v\n", userstate.AdminRights(req))
fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nTry: /register, /confirm, /remove, /login, /logout, /makeadmin, /clear, /data and /admin")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/register", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.AddUser("bob", "hunter1", "[email protected]")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was created: %v\n", userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/confirm", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.MarkConfirmed("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was confirmed: %v\n", userstate.IsConfirmed("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/remove", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.RemoveUser("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "User bob was removed: %v\n", !userstate.HasUser("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/login", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Login(w, "bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged in: %v\n", userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/logout", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.Logout("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now logged out: %v\n", !userstate.IsLoggedIn("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/makeadmin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.SetAdminStatus("bob")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "bob is now administrator: %v\n", userstate.IsAdmin("bob"))
})

mux.HandleFunc("/clear", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
userstate.ClearCookie(w)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Clearing cookie")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/data", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "user page that only logged in users must see!")
})

mux.HandleFunc("/admin", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "super secret information that only logged in administrators must see!\n\n")
if usernames, err := userstate.AllUsernames(); err == nil {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "list of all users: "+strings.Join(usernames, ", "))
}
})

// Custom handler for when permissions are denied
perm.SetDenyFunction(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
http.Error(w, "Permission denied!", http.StatusForbidden)
})

// Configure the HTTP server and permissionHandler struct
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":3000",
Handler: &permissionHandler{perm, mux},
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}

log.Println("Listening for requests on port 3000")

// Start listening
s.ListenAndServe()
}
~~~

Default permissions
-------------------

* The */admin* path prefix has admin rights by default.
* These path prefixes has user rights by default: */repo* and */data*
* These path prefixes are public by default: */*, */login*, */register*, */style*, */img*, */js*, */favicon.ico*, */robots.txt* and */sitemap_index.xml*

The default permissions can be cleared with the `Clear()` function.

Coding style
------------

* The code shall always be formatted with `go fmt`.

Password hashing
----------------

* bcrypt is used by default for hashing passwords. sha256 is also supported.
* By default, all new password will be hashed with bcrypt.
* For backwards compatibility, old password hashes with the length of a sha256 hash will be checked with sha256. To disable this behavior, and only ever use bcrypt, add this line: `userstate.SetPasswordAlgo("bcrypt")`

Passing userstate between functions, files and to other Go packages
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Using the `*pinterface.IUserState` type (from the [pinterface](https://github.com/xyproto/pinterface) package) makes it possible to pass UserState structs between functions, also in other packages. By using this interface, it is possible to seamlessly change the database backend from, for instance, Redis ([permissions2](https://github.com/xyproto/permissions2)) to BoltDB ([permissionbolt](https://github.com/xyproto/permissionbolt)).

[pstore](https://github.com/xyproto/pstore), [permissionsql](https://github.com/xyproto/permissionsql), [permissionbolt](https://github.com/xyproto/permissionbolt) and [permissions2](https://github.com/xyproto/permissions2) are interchangeable.

Retrieving the underlying PostgreSQL database
---------------------------------------------

Here is a short example application for retrieving the underlying PostgreSQL database:

```go
package main

import (
"fmt"
"github.com/xyproto/pstore"
"github.com/xyproto/simplehstore"
)

func main() {
perm, err := pstore.New()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Could not open database")
return
}
ustate := perm.UserState()

// A bit of checking is needed, since the database backend is interchangeable
if pustate, ok := ustate.(*pstore.UserState); ok {
if host, ok := pustate.Host().(*simplehstore.Host); ok {
db := host.Database()
fmt.Printf("PostgreSQL database: %v (%T)\n", db, db)
}
} else {
fmt.Println("Not using the PostgreSQL database backend")
}
}
```

General information
-------------------

* Version: 1.3.2 (API version 3.2)
* License: BSD-3
* Alexander F. Rødseth <[email protected]>