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JGLUE: Japanese General Language Understanding Evaluation
https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE
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JGLUE: Japanese General Language Understanding Evaluation
Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE
Owner: yahoojapan
License: cc-by-sa-4.0
Created: 2022-05-20T00:02:28.000Z (over 2 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2023-06-24T01:50:30.000Z (over 1 year ago)
Last Synced: 2024-07-28T15:34:54.006Z (4 months ago)
Language: Python
Homepage:
Size: 6.42 MB
Stars: 294
Watchers: 11
Forks: 17
Open Issues: 6
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project

awesome-japanese-llm - JGLUE - ja, JCoLA, JSTS, JNLI, JSQuAD, JCommonsenseQA の 6 つのタスクを含む（[JCoLA](https://github.com/osekilab/JCoLA) は東大大関研により作成）。各タスクの詳細は[こちら](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnlp/30/1/30_63/_article/-char/ja)や[こちら](https://techblog.yahoo.co.jp/entry/2022122030379907/)を参照 | 早大河原研, ヤフー | (日本語LLM評価ベンチマーク/データセットまとめ / 基礎的な自然言語理解 (NLU) を中心に測定するベンチマーク/データセット)
README

        # JGLUE: Japanese General Language Understanding Evaluation

JGLUE, Japanese General Language Understanding Evaluation, is built to measure the general NLU ability in Japanese.

JGLUE has been constructed from scratch without translation.

We hope that JGLUE will facilitate NLU research in Japanese.

JGLUE has been constructed by a joint research project of Yahoo Japan Corporation and Kawahara Lab at Waseda University. 

## Tasks/Datasets

JGLUE consists of the tasks of text classification, sentence pair classification, and QA. Each task consists of

multiple datasets. Each dataset can be found under the `datasets` directory. Only train/dev sets are available now, and the test set will be available after the leaderboard is made public. We use Yahoo! Crowdsourcing for all crowdsourcing tasks in constructing the datasets.

|Task|Dataset|Train|Dev|Test|

|----|-------|----:|--:|---:|

|Text Classification|MARC-ja|187,528|5,654|5,639|

||JCoLA†|-|-|-|

|Sentence Pair Classification|JSTS|12,451|1,457|1,589|

||JNLI|20,073|2,434|2,508|

|QA|JSQuAD|62,859|4,442|4,420|

||JCommonsenseQA|8,939|1,119|1,118|

†JCoLA will be added soon.

## Dataset Description

### MARC-ja

MARC-ja is a dataset of the text classification task. This dataset is based on the Japanese portion of [Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus (MARC)](https://docs.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/readme.html) (Keung+, 2020). 

We performed the following modifications to the original dataset:

1. To make it easy for both humans and computers to judge a class label, we cast the text classification task as a binary classification task, where 1 and 2-star ratings are converted to `negative`, and 4 and 5 are converted to `positive`. We do not use reviews with a 3-star rating.

2. There are some instances where the rating diverges from a review text. To improve the quality of the dev/test instances, we crowdsource a positive/negative judgment task, adopt only the reviews with the same votes from seven or more out of 10 workers and assign a label of the maximum votes to these reviews.

We don't distribute the dataset itself. Please download the original dataset, and run a conversion script as follows:

1. Download https://s3.amazonaws.com/amazon-reviews-pds/tsv/amazon_reviews_multilingual_JP_v1_00.tsv.gz

2. Run the following commands:

```bash

$ pip install -r preprocess/requirements.txt

$ cd preprocess/marc-ja/scripts

$ gzip -dc /somewhere/amazon_reviews_multilingual_JP_v1_00.tsv.gz | \

  python marc-ja.py \

         --positive-negative \

         --output-dir ../../../datasets/marc_ja-v1.1 \

         --max-char-length 500 \

         --filter-review-id-list-valid ../data/filter_review_id_list/valid.txt \

         --label-conv-review-id-list-valid ../data/label_conv_review_id_list/valid.txt

```

The train and valid sets will be generated under the `datasets/marc_ja-v1.1` directory.

When you use this dataset, please follow the license of [Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus (MARC)](https://docs.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/readme.html).

### JSTS

JSTS is a Japanese version of the STS (Semantic Textual Similarity) dataset. STS is a task to estimate the semantic similarity of a sentence pair.

The sentences in JSTS and JNLI (described below) are extracted from the Japanese version of the MS COCO Caption Dataset, [the YJ Captions

Dataset](https://github.com/yahoojapan/YJCaptions) (Miyazaki and Shimizu, 2016).

```json

{"sentence_pair_id": "691",

 "yjcaptions_id": "127202-129817-129818",

 "sentence1": "街中の道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (A big bus is running on the road in the city.)", 

 "sentence2": "道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (There is a big bus running on the road.)", 

 "label": 4.4}

```

(Note that English translations are added in this example for those who do not understand Japanese, and are not included in the dataset.)

|Name|Description|

|----|-----|

|sentence_pair_id|id|

|yjcaptions_id|sentence ids in yjcaptions (explained below)|

|sentence1|first sentence|

|sentence2|second sentence|

|label|sentence similarity: 5 (equivalent meaning) - 0 (completely different meaning)|

#### Explanation for `yjcaptions_id`

There are the following two cases: 

1. sentence pairs in one image: `(image id)-(sentence1 id)-(sentence2 id)`

    - e.g., 723-844-847

    - a sentence id starting with "g" means a sentence generated by a crowdworker (e.g., 69501-75698-g103): only for JNLI   

2. sentence pairs in two images: `(image id of sentence1)_(image id of sentence2)-(sentence1 id)-(sentence2 id)`

    - e.g., 91337_217583-96105-91680

  

### JNLI

JNLI is a Japanese version of the NLI (Natural Language Inference) dataset. NLI is a task to recognize the inference relation that a premise sentence has to a hypothesis sentence. The inference relations are `entailment`, `contradiction`, and `neutral`.

```json

{"sentence_pair_id": "1157",

 "yjcaptions_id": "127202-129817-129818",

 "sentence1": "街中の道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (A big bus is running on the road in the city.)", 

 "sentence2": "道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (There is a big bus running on the road.)", 

 "label": "entailment"}

```

|Name|Description|

|----|-----|

|sentence_pair_id|id|

|yjcaptions_id|sentence ids in yjcaptions|

|sentence1|premise sentence|

|sentence2|hypothesis sentence|

|label|inference relation|

### JSQuAD

JSQuAD is a Japanese version of [SQuAD](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) (Rajpurkar+, 2016), one of the datasets of reading comprehension.

Each instance in the dataset consists of a question regarding a given context (Wikipedia article) and its answer. JSQuAD is based on SQuAD 1.1 (there are no unanswerable questions). We used [the Japanese Wikipedia dump](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/jawiki/) as of 20211101.

The json format is the same as the original SQuAD.

```json

    {

      "title": "東海道新幹線 (Tokaido Shinkansen)",

      "paragraphs": [

        {

          "qas": [

            {

              "question": "2020年（令和2年）3月現在、東京駅 - 新大阪駅間の最高速度はどのくらいか。 (What is the maximum speed between Tokyo Station and Shin-Osaka Station as of March 2020?)",

              "id": "a1531320p0q0",

              "answers": [

                {

                  "text": "285 km/h",

                  "answer_start": 182

                }

              ],

              "is_impossible": false

            },

            {

             .. 

            }

          ],

          "context": "東海道新幹線 [SEP] 1987年（昭和62年）4月1日の国鉄分割民営化により、JR東海が運営を継承した。西日本旅客鉄道（JR西日本）が継承した山陽新幹線とは相互乗り入れが行われており、東海道新幹線区間のみで運転される列車にもJR西日本所有の車両が使用されることがある。2020年（令和2年）3月現在、東京駅 - 新大阪駅間の所要時間は最速2時間21分、最高速度285 km/hで運行されている。"

        }

      ]

    }

```

|Name|Description|

|----|-----|

|title|title of a Wikipedia article|

|paragraphs|a set of paragraphs|

|qas|a set of pairs of a question and its answer|

|question|question|

|id|id of a question|

|answers|a set of answers|

|text|answer text|

|answer_start|start position (character index)|

|is_impossible|all the values are `false`|

|context|a concatenation of the title and paragraph|

### JCommonsenseQA

JCommonsenseQA is a Japanese version of [CommonsenseQA](https://www.tau-nlp.org/commonsenseqa) (Talmor+, 2019), which is a multiple-choice question answering dataset that requires commonsense reasoning ability. It is built using crowdsourcing with seeds extracted from the knowledge base [ConceptNet](https://conceptnet.io/).

```json

{"q_id": 3016,

 "question": "会社の最高責任者を何というか？ (What do you call the chief executive officer of a company?)",

 "choice0": "社長 (president)",

 "choice1": "教師 (teacher)",

 "choice2": "部長 (manager)",

 "choice3": "バイト (part-time worker)",

 "choice4": "部下 (subordinate)",

 "label": 0}

```

|Name|Description|

|----|-----|

|q_id|id|

|question|question|

|choice{0..4}|choice|

|label|correct choice id|

## Baseline Scores

The following foundation models are used for the evaluation. 

|Model|Basic Unit|Pretraining Texts|

|-----|-------|-------|

|[Tohoku BERT base](https://huggingface.co/cl-tohoku/bert-base-japanese-v2)|subword
(MeCab + BPE)|Japanese Wikipedia|

|[Tohoku BERT base (char)](https://huggingface.co/cl-tohoku/bert-base-japanese-char-v2)|character|Japanese Wikipedia|

|[NICT BERT base](https://alaginrc.nict.go.jp/nict-bert/index.html)|subword
(MeCab + BPE)|Japanese Wikipedia|

|[Waseda RoBERTa base](https://huggingface.co/nlp-waseda/roberta-base-japanese)|subword
(Juman++ + Unigram LM)|Japanese Wikipedia + CC|

|[XLM RoBERTa base](https://huggingface.co/xlm-roberta-base)|subword
(Unigram LM)|multi-lingual CC| 

Note that the large-sized models are also used corresponding to Tohoku BERT base, Waseda RoBERTa base and XLM RoBERTa base.

For Waseda RoBERTa large, the following two versions with different maximum sequence lengths are used: [Waseda RoBERTa large (s128)](https://huggingface.co/nlp-waseda/roberta-large-japanese) and [Waseda RoBERTa large (s512)](https://huggingface.co/nlp-waseda/roberta-large-japanese-seq512).

When you use NICT BERT base or Waseda RoBERTa base models, the dataset text should be segmented into words by the following corresponding morphological analyzer in advance:

- NICT BERT base: [MeCab](https://taku910.github.io/mecab/) (0.996) with JUMAN dictionary

- Waseda RoBERTa base: [Juman++](https://github.com/ku-nlp/jumanpp) (2.0.0-rc3)

Please refer to [preprocess/morphological-analysis/README.md](/preprocess/morphological-analysis/README.md).

The fine-tuning was performed using [the transformers

library](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers) provided by Hugging Face. See [fine-tuning/README.md](/fine-tuning/README.md) for details.

The performance along with human scores on the JGLUE dev set is shown below. 

|Model|MARC-ja|JSTS|JNLI|JSQuAD|JCommonsenseQA|

|-----|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|

||acc|Pearson/Spearman|acc|EM/F1|acc| 

|Human|0.989|0.899/0.861|0.925|0.871/0.944|0.986|

|||

|Tohoku BERT base|0.958|0.909/0.868|0.899|0.871/0.941|0.808|  

|Tohoku BERT base (char)|0.956|0.893/0.851|0.892|0.864/0.937|0.718| 

|Tohoku BERT large|0.955|0.913/0.872|0.900|0.880/0.946|0.816| 

|NICT BERT base|0.958|0.910/0.871|0.902|0.897/0.947|0.823|

|Waseda RoBERTa base|0.962|0.913/0.873|0.895|0.864/0.927|0.840|

|Waseda RoBERTa large (s128)|0.954|**0.930**/**0.896**|0.924|0.884/0.940|**0.907**|

|Waseda RoBERTa large (s512)|0.961|0.926/0.892|**0.926**|**0.918**/**0.963**|0.891|

|XLM RoBERTa base|0.961|0.877/0.831|0.893|-/-†|0.687|

|XLM RoBERTa large|**0.964**|0.918/0.884|0.919|-/-†|0.840|

†XLM RoBERTa base/large models use the unigram language model as a tokenizer and they are excluded from the JSQuAD evaluation because the token delimitation and the start/end of the answer span often do not match, resulting in poor performance.

## Leaderboard

A leaderboard will be made public soon. The test set will be released at that time.

## Reference

```

@inproceedings{kurihara-etal-2022-jglue,

    title = "{JGLUE}: {J}apanese General Language Understanding Evaluation",

    author = "Kurihara, Kentaro  and

      Kawahara, Daisuke  and

      Shibata, Tomohide",

    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",

    month = jun,

    year = "2022",

    address = "Marseille, France",

    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",

    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317",

    pages = "2957--2966",

    abstract = "To develop high-performance natural language understanding (NLU) models, it is necessary to have a benchmark to evaluate and analyze NLU ability from various perspectives. While the English NLU benchmark, GLUE, has been the forerunner, benchmarks are now being released for languages other than English, such as CLUE for Chinese and FLUE for French; but there is no such benchmark for Japanese. We build a Japanese NLU benchmark, JGLUE, from scratch without translation to measure the general NLU ability in Japanese. We hope that JGLUE will facilitate NLU research in Japanese.",

}

@InProceedings{Kurihara_nlp2022,

  author = 	"栗原健太郎 and 河原大輔 and 柴田知秀",

  title = 	"JGLUE: 日本語言語理解ベンチマーク",

  booktitle = 	"言語処理学会第28回年次大会",

  year =	"2022",

  url = "https://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/2022/pdf_dir/E8-4.pdf"

  note= "in Japanese"

}

```

## License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.




## Contributor License Agreement

This project requires contributors to accept the terms in the [Contributor License Agreement (CLA)](https://gist.github.com/yahoojapanoss/9bf8afd6ea67f32d29b4082abf220340).

Please note that contributors to the JGLUE repository on GitHub (https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE) shall be deemed to have accepted the CLA without individual written agreements.