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https://github.com/ymorsi7/seismiclstm

Mitigating the high computational costs associated with applying Bayesian model updating in inverse problems / Uncertainty Quantification and Efficient Sensitivity Analysis by using Surrogate Models
https://github.com/ymorsi7/seismiclstm

bayesian ddml lstm pbsd seismic seismology structural-engineering surrogate-modelling surrogate-models

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Mitigating the high computational costs associated with applying Bayesian model updating in inverse problems / Uncertainty Quantification and Efficient Sensitivity Analysis by using Surrogate Models

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# Application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks-Based Surrogate Modeling for Nonlinear Structural Systems

#### Abdoul Aziz Sandotin Coulibaly, Enrique Simbort Zeballos, Yusuf Morsi, Ramin Sarange

## Abstract
Performance-based seismic design (PBSD) of structural systems relies on computationally expensive high-fidelity finite element (FE) models to predict how structures will respond to seismic excitation. For risk-based assessments, FE response simulations must be run thousands of times with different realizations of the sources of uncertainty. Consequently, data-driven machine learning (DDML) surrogate models have gained prominence as fast emulators for predicting seismic structural responses in probabilistic analyses. This paper leverages deep Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, known for their powerful and flexible framework for time series prediction tasks. The advantages of using LSTM networks include their ability to model continuous-time processes, adapt to varying temporal resolutions, maintain implicit memory of past information, model complex nonlinear dynamics, perform interpolation and extrapolation, handle noisy data robustly, and scale effectively to high-dimensional datasets. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through three proof-of-concept studies: one involving a linear elastic 2D 8-degree-of-freedom (DoF) shear building model, a nonlinear single degree of freedom system (NL-SDoF), and a 2D nonlinear 3DoF shear building model. The findings indicate that the proposed LSTM network is a promising, dependable, and computationally efficient technique for predicting nonlinear structural responses.

![Test-bed structures for surrogate modeling study](files/testbed.png)

![The LSTM network architecture: Full sequence to sequence LSTM network (LSTM-f)](files/lstm.png)

## Instructions to Set Up and Run the LSTM Model

1. **Clone the Repository**

Clone this repository to your local machine using the following command:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/ymorsi7/LSTMsForNonlinearStructuralSystems.git
cd LSTMsForNonlinearStructuralSystems
```
2. **Install Dependencies**
Ensure you have Python 3.x installed on your system. Install the required dependencies using pip:
```bash
pip install numpy matplotlib tensorflow keras scikit-learn joblib
```
3. **Prepare the Data**

Place the MATLAB data file `data_2DOF_SB_BWWN.mat` in the `LSTMsForNonlinearStructuralSystems` directory. This file should be available in the repository or provided separately.

4. **Run the Python File**

Execute the provided Python script `2DOF_ShearBuild_LSTM_f.py` to train the LSTM model:

```bash
python 2DOF_ShearBuild_LSTM_f.py
```

This will:
- Load the preprocessed data from the MATLAB file.
- Normalize the data using MinMaxScaler.
- Set up and train the LSTM model.
- Evaluate the model performance.
- Save the best-performing model.

5. **A/B Testing**
The script also includes a section for A/B testing different LSTM architectures. This can be executed within the same script to compare performance metrics between two models.

## Report
To read our report, [click here](files/paper.pdf)

## Results
The results are much more interpretable with the context on the full report (linked above). However, here are some of our output images:

### Linear Elastic 8-Story Shear Building
![elsatic 8 story shear building](files/1.png)

### Nonlinear Inelastic Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) Structure
![sdof](files/2.png)

### Nonlinear Inelastic Multi Degree Of Freedom (MDOF) Structure
![mdof](files/3.png)

### A/B Testing
![ab testing](files/ab.png)