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https://github.com/youlixx/cynes

C/C++ NES emulator with Python bindings
https://github.com/youlixx/cynes

emulator nes python

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C/C++ NES emulator with Python bindings

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README 

        

# cynes - C/C++ NES emulator with Python bindings

cynes is a lightweight multiplatform NES emulator providing a simple Python interface. The core of the emulation is based on the very complete documentation provided by the [Nesdev Wiki](https://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php?title=NES_reference_guide). The current implementation consists of

 - A cycle-accurate CPU emulation

 - A cycle-accurate PPU emulation

 - A cycle-accurate APU emulation (even though it does not produce any sound)

 - Few basic NES mappers (more to come)



The Python bindings allow to interact easily with one or several NES emulators at the same time, ideal for machine learning application.



## Installation

cynes can be installed using pip :

```

pip install cynes

```



It can also be built from source using (requires `cmake`) :

```

python setup.py build

```



## How to use

A cynes NES emulator can be created by instanticiating a new NES object. The following code is the minimal code to run a ROM file.

```python

from cynes.windowed import WindowedNES



# We initialize a new emulator by specifying the ROM file used

with WindowedNES("rom.nes") as nes:

    # While the emulator should not be closed, we can continue the emulation

    while not nes.should_close:

        # The step method run the emulation for a single frame

        # It also returns the content of the frame buffer as a numpy array

        frame = nes.step()

```

Multiple emulators can be created at once by instantiating several NES objects.



### Windowed / Headless modes

The default NES class run in "headless" mode, meaning that no rendering is performed. A simple wrapper around the base emulator providing a basic renderer and input handling using SDL2 is present in the `windowed` submodule.

```python

from cynes import NES

from cynes.windowed import WindowedNES



# We can create a NES emulator without a rendering window

nes_headless = NES("rom.nes")



while not nes_headless.has_crashed:

    frame = nes_headless.step()



# And with the rendering window

nes_windowed = WindowedNES("rom.nes")



while not nes_windowed.should_close:

    frame = nes_windowed.step()

```

While the rendering overhead is quite small, running in headless mode can improve the performances when the window is not needed. The content of the frame buffer can always be accessed using the `step` method.



### Controller

The state of the controller can be directly modified using the following syntax :

```python

from cynes import *



# Simple input

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_RIGHT



# Multiple button presses at once

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_RIGHT | NES_INPUT_A



# Chaining multiple button presses at once

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_START

nes.controller |= NES_INPUT_B

nes.controller |= NES_INPUT_SELECT



# Undefined behavior

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_RIGHT | NES_INPUT_LEFT

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_DOWN | NES_INPUT_UP



# Run the emulator with the specified controller state for 5 frames

nes.step(frames=5)

```

Note that the state of the controller is maintained even after the `step` method is called. This means that it has to be reset to 0 to release the buttons.



Two controllers can be used at the same time. The state of the second controller can be modified by updating the 8 most significant bits of the same variable.



```python

# P1 will press left and P2 will press the right button

nes.controller = NES_INPUT_LEFT | NES_INPUT_RIGHT << 8

```



### Key handlers

Key handlers are a simple way of associating custom actions to shortcuts. This feature is only present with the windowed mode. The key events (and their associated handlers) are fired when calling the `step` method.

```python

# Disable the default window controls

nes = WindowedNES("rom.nes", default_handlers=False)



# Custom key handlers can be defined using the register method

import sdl2



def kill():

    nes.close()



nes.register(sdl2.SDL_SCANCODE_O, kill)

```

By default, the emulator comes with key handlers that map window keys to the controller buttons. The mapping is the following :

 - the arrow keys for the D-pad

 - the keys X and Z for the A and B buttons respectively

 - the keys A and S for the SELECT and START buttons respectively



### Save states

The state of the emulator can be saved as a numpy array and later be restored.

```python

# The state of the emulator can be dump using the save method

save_state = nes.save()



# And restored using the load method

nes.load(save_state)

```

Memory modification should never be performed directly on a save state, as it is prone to memory corruption. Theses two methods can be quite slow, therefore, they should be called sparsely.



### Memory access

The memory of the emulator can be read from and written to using the following syntax :

```python

# The memory content can be accessed as if the emulator was an array

player_state = nes[0x000E]



# And can be written in a similar fashion

nes[0x075A] = 0x8

```

Note that only the CPU RAM `$0000 - $1FFFF` and the mapper RAM `$6000 - $7FFF` should be accessed. Trying to read / write a value to other addresses may desynchronize the components of the emulator, resulting in a undefined behavior.



### Closing

An emulator is automatically closed when the object is released by Python. In windowed mode, the `close` method can be used to close the window without having to wait for Python to release the object. As presented previously, the WindowedNES can also be used as a context manager, which will call `close` automatcially when exiting the context.

It can also be closed manualy using the `close` method.

```python

# In windowed mode, this can be used to close the window

nes.close()



# Deleting the emulator in windowed mode also closes the window

del nes



# The method should_close indicates whether or not the emulator function should be called

nes.close()

nes.should_close # True

```

When the emulator is closed, but the object is not deleted yet, the `should_close` property will be set to True, indicating that calling any NES function will not work properly. This method can also return True in two other cases :

 - When the CPU of the emulator is frozen. When the CPU hits a JAM instruction (illegal opcode), it is frozen until the emulator is reset. This should never happen, but memory corruptions can cause them, so be careful when accessing the NES memory.

 - In windowed mode, when the window is closed or when the ESC key is pressed.



## License

This project is licensed under GPL-3.0



```plain

cynes - C/C++ NES emulator with Python bindings

Copyright (C) 2021 - 2024 Combey Theo



This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

(at your option) any later version.



This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

GNU General Public License for more details.



You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

along with this program.  If not, see .

```