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Embedded systems notes
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avr c cpp electrical-engineering embedded-linux embedded-system-design embedded-systems rtos

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Embedded systems notes

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# Embedded Systems Master Class



**Milestone 1: Electrical Engineering Basics**



1.  **Basic Electrical Concepts and Circuit Analysis:**



*   Electrical quantities (current, voltage, resistance).

*   Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws.

*   DC and AC circuits.

*   Capacitors, inductors, and transformers.

*   Basic circuit analysis techniques.



2.  **Electronic Devices and Circuits:**



*   Diodes and transistors.

*   Operational amplifiers.

*   Power supplies.

*   Digital logic circuits.

    

3.  **Basic Knowledge of Signals and Systems:**



*   Time and frequency domains.

*   Analog and digital signals.

*   Fourier series and transform.

*   Sampling and quantization.



4.  **Basic Knowledge of Control Systems:**



*   Closed-loop feedback control systems.

*   Transfer functions and block diagrams.

*   Stability and performance analysis.

*   PID controllers.



5.  **Introduction to Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems:**



*   Microprocessor architecture and design.

*   Microcontroller main components.

*   Microcontroller vs Microprocessor.

*   Memory types and interface with CPU.



6.  **Advanced Topics:**



*   Power electronics and renewable energy.

*   Communication systems and protocols.

*   Control of electric drives.

*   Electromagnetic compatibility.



**Milestone 2: C and Embedded C Programming**



1. **C Programming Language**



*   Introduction to basic syntax of C.

*   How to build C files using command line interface.

*   Data types and variable scope vs lifetime.

*   Bit manipulation.

*   Functions and type casting.

*   Array and Pointers.

*   C String.

*   Keywords (const, volatile, static, extern, register).

*   Structure and Union.

*   Typedef vs Enum.

*   Dynamic allocation.

*   Preprocessing directives.



2. **Embedded C Programming**



*   Embedded C Definition

*   C Compilation Process.

*   In-line Assembly (How to write assembly with C code).

*   Memory Mapped Registers.

*   Modular Programming and Software Layered Architecture Design.

*   Critical Section and Call Back Function.

*   Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Function.

*   Reentrant vs. Non-Reentrant Function.

*   Startup code vs bootloader.

*   Embedded HW tools (Emulator, Debugger and Flasher).

*   Embedded SW tools (Tool-chains, compilers and Simulator).

*   Linker script and Makefile.

*   Interrupt Handling.

*   DMA and watchdog.

*   Embedded C interview tricks.



**Milestone 3: Interfacing with AVR Microcontrollers**



1. **Learn the basics of microcontrollers**



*   Introduction to AVR Microcontrollers.

*   File architecture and abstraction layer.

*   I/O Ports and interfacing with switch, led and seven segment.

*   Timer modes (output compare – input capture – PWM – normal – frequency generator).

*   External Interrupts.

*   Interfacing with EEPROM.

*   Analog to digital converter (ADC).

*   Interface with keypad and LCD.

*   Interface with communication protocol:

*   Universal Asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART).

*   Inter integrated circuit (I2C).

*   Serial peripheral interface (SPI).



2. **Develop a basic embedded system project using a microcontroller, such as a traffic light control system or a temperature sensing system:**

    

    *   Project planning and design

    *   Breadboarding and prototyping

    *   Code implementation and debugging

    *   Testing and validation



**Milestone 4: Advanced Embedded Systems**



1.  **Learn about advanced embedded systems concepts such as interrupts, timers, and communication protocols like SPI, I2C, UART, and CAN:**

    

    *   Interrupt handling and nesting

    *   Timers and watchdog timers

    *   Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol

    *   Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol

    *   Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) protocol

    *   Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol



2.  **Study the basics of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and how they can be used in embedded systems:**

    

    *   Real-time constraints and requirements

    *   Task scheduling and priorities

    *   Semaphore and Mutexes

    *   Memory Management in RTOS

    *   RTOS for embedded systems



3.  **Develop an advanced embedded project such as a home automation system or a wireless sensor network using multiple microcontrollers:**

    

    *   Project planning and design

    *   Hardware and software interfacing

    *   Multi-threading and synchronization

    *   Communication between multiple microcontrollers

    *   System integration and testing



**Milestone 5: Automotive Embedded Systems**



1.  **Study automotive embedded systems, including standards such as AUTOSAR and CAN bus communication:**

    

    *   Introduction to AUTOSAR architecture and methodology

    *   CAN bus architecture and protocol

    *   AUTOSAR software components and APIs

    *   Diagnostics and calibration of embedded systems in automotive industry

2.  **Learn about automotive software development processes and standards:**

    

    *   Automotive SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination)

    *   ISO 26262 (Functional Safety of Road Vehicles)

    *   Automotive software validation and verification

    *   Model-Based Design

3.  **Develop an automotive embedded project, such as an OBD-II diagnostic tool or a car data logger:**

    

    *   Understanding of vehicle diagnostics and communication protocols

    *   Design and development of a custom OBD-II diagnostic tool

    *   Car data logger project design and implementation

    *   Functional Safety and cybersecurity in automotive systems