awesome-vehicle-security

🚗 A curated list of resources for learning about vehicle security and car hacking.
https://github.com/jaredthecoder/awesome-vehicle-security

Last synced: about 21 hours ago
JSON representation

Websites
- Python Security - A website for browsing and buying python-integrated cars having certain vehicular security features.
- Automotive Security Research Group - The Automotive Security Research Group (ASRG) is a non-profit initiative to promote the development of security solutions for automotive products.
- DEFCON Car Hacking Village - Car Hacking exercises from DEFCON 24.
- canbushack: Hack Your Car - course on Vehicle Hacking methodology.
- OWASP Internet of Things Project - OWASP's project to secure IoT, from cars to medical devices and beyond.
- I Am The Cavalry - Global grassroots (eg. volunteer) initiative focused on the intersection of security and human life/public safety issues, such as cars. Participation from security researchers, OEMs, Tier 1s, and many others. Published [Automotive 5-Star Cyber Safety Framework](https://iamthecavalry.org/5star).
- Carloop Community - Community of people interested in car hacking and connecting vehicles to the cloud.
- NIST Automotive Cybersecurity Community of Interest - NIST, the organization behind the NVD CVE database and modern cryptographic standards, runs a Community of Interest group for Automotive Cybersecurity that seeks to "provide a way for NIST to facilitate the discussions and receive comments and feedback from the automotive industry, academia, and government.".
- DEFCON Car Hacking Village - Car Hacking exercises from DEFCON 24.
- canbushack: Hack Your Car - course on Vehicle Hacking methodology.
- OWASP Internet of Things Project - OWASP's project to secure IoT, from cars to medical devices and beyond.
- I Am The Cavalry - Global grassroots (eg. volunteer) initiative focused on the intersection of security and human life/public safety issues, such as cars. Participation from security researchers, OEMs, Tier 1s, and many others. Published [Automotive 5-Star Cyber Safety Framework](https://iamthecavalry.org/5star).
- canbushack: Hack Your Car - course on Vehicle Hacking methodology.
- OpenGarages - Provides public access, documentation and tools necessary to understand today's modern vehicle systems.
Articles
- How to hack a car — a quick crash-course - Car enthusiast Kenny Kuchera illustrates just enough information to get you up and running. An excellent resource for first timers!
- Stopping a Jeep Cherokee on the Highway Remotely - Chris Valasek's and Charlie Miller's pivotal research on hacking into Jeep's presented at DEFCON in 2015.
- Troy Hunt on Controlling Nissans - Troy Hunt goes into controlling Nissan vehicles.
- Tesla hackers explain how they did it at Defcon - Overview of DEFCON 23 presentation on hacking into Tesla cars.
- Anatomy of the Rolljam Wireless Car Hack - Overview of the RollJam rolling code exploitation device.
- IOActive's Tools and Data - Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller release some of their tools and data for hacking into vehicles in an effort to get more people into vehicle security research.
- Developments in Car Hacking - via the SANS Reading Room, Currie's paper analyses the risks and perils of smart vehicle technology.
- Car Hacking on the Cheap - A whitepaper from Chris Valasek and IOActive on hacking your car when you don't have a lot of resources at your disposal.
- Researchers tackle autonomous vehicle security - Texas A&M researchers develop intelligence system prototype.
- How big data will impact car security in the proximate future: Concerns and solutions - Impact of big data on car security.
- Reverse engineering of the Nitro OBD2 - Reverse engineering of CAN diagnostic tools.
- Analysis of an old Subaru Impreza - Subaru Select Monitor v1 (SSM1) - Digging into an old ECU through an old protocol and disabling a 1997 Subaru Impreza's speed limiter.
- Car Hacking in 30 Minutes or Less - Using VirtualBox and Kali Linux, you can start car hacking using completely free open-source software and tools, including can-utils, ICSim, ScanTool, Wireshark, and tcpdump
- Tesla hackers explain how they did it at Defcon - Overview of DEFCON 23 presentation on hacking into Tesla cars.
- Anatomy of the Rolljam Wireless Car Hack - Overview of the RollJam rolling code exploitation device.
- Car Hacking on the cheap - Craig Smith wrote a brief article on working with Metasploit’s HWBrige using ELM327 Bluetooth dongle
Presentations
- "Hopping on the CAN Bus" from BlackHat Asia 2015 - A talk from BlackHat Asia 2015 that aims to enable the audience to "gain an understanding of automotive systems, but will also have the tools to attack them".
- "Drive It Like You Hacked It" from DEFCON 23 - A talk and slides from Samy Kamkar's DEFCON 23/2015 talk that includes hacking garages, exploiting automotive mobile apps, and breaking rolling codes to unlock any vehicle with low cost tools.
- Samy Kamkar on Hacking Vehicles with OnStar - Samy Kamkar, the prolific hacker behind the Samy worm on MySpace, explores hacking into vehicles with OnStar systems.
- Remote Exploitation of an Unaltered Passenger Vehicle - DEFCON 23 talk Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller give their now famous talk on hacking into a Jeep remotely and stopping it dead in its tracks.
- Adventures in Automotive Networks and Control Units - DEFCON 21 talk by Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller on automotive networks.
- Can You Trust Autonomous Vehicles? - DEFCON 24 talk by Jianhao Liu, Chen Yan, Wenyuan Xu
- Ken Munro & Dave Lodge - Hacking the Mitsubishi Outlander & IOT - talk from BSides Manchester 2016 by Ken and Dave of [Pen Test Partners](#who-to-follow)
- A Platform base on Visualization for Protecting CAN Bus Security - Syscan360 2016 SH talk by Jianhao Liu
- Gateway Internals of Tesla Motors - Zeronights 2016 talk by Nie Seng and Liu Ling
- Car Hacking 101 - Bugcrowd LevelUp 2017 by Alan Mond
- State of Automotive Cyber Safety, 2015 - State of automotive hacking, policy, industry changes, etc. from I Am The Cavalry track at BSides Las Vegas, 2015.
- State of Automotive Cyber Safety, 2016 - State of automotive hacking, policy, industry changes, etc. from I Am The Cavalry track at BSides Las Vegas, 2016.
- How to Hack a Tesla Model S - DEF CON 23 talk by Marc Rogers and Kevin Mahaffey on hacking a Tesla. Tesla Co-Founder and CTO, JB Straubel, joins them to thank them and present a challenge coin.
- Car Hacking Videos - A web page with a long list of videos (40+) that are available online related to the topic of car hacking. From a 2007 DEF CON talk on modding engine ECUS and onwards (e.g. the 2017 Keen Security Tesla hack).
- Self-Driving and Connected Cars: Fooling Sensors and Tracking Drivers - Black Hat talk by Jonathan Petit. Automated and connected vehicles are the next evolution in transportation and will improve safety, traffic efficiency and driving experience. This talk will be divided in two parts: 1) security of autonomous automated vehicles and 2) privacy of connected vehicles. 2015
- A Survey of Remote Automotive Attack Surfaces - Black Hat talk By Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek. Automotive security concerns have gone from the fringe to the mainstream with security researchers showing the susceptibility of the modern vehicle to local and remote attacks. Discussion of vehicle attack surfaces. 2014.
- Pentesting vehicles with YACHT (Yet Another Car Hacking Tool) - A presentation that discusses different attack surfaces of a vehicle, then continues to describe an approach to car hacking along with tools needed to analyse and gather useful information.
- How to drift with any car - Introduction to CAN hacking, and using a real car as an Xbox controller.
- Car Infotainment Hacking Methodology and Attack Surface Scenario - A guide on how to attack, hunt bugs or hack your IVI by Jay Turla which was presented at the Packet Hacking Village / Wall of Sheep during DEF CON 26.
- TR19: Automotive Penetration Testing with Scapy - Overview on how Scapy can be used for automotive penetration testing at Troopers Conference 2019.
- Analysis and Defense of Automotive Networks - Overview of CAN, security, and potential intrusion detection approaches at BSides Knoxville 2020
- Remote Exploitation of Honda Cars - The Honda Connect app used by Honda City 5th generation used weak security mechanisms in its APIs for access control which would allow a malicious user to perform actions like starting the car, locking/unlocking car etc. remotely by interacting with it's Telematics Control Unit (TCU)
- Remote Exploitation of Honda Cars - The Honda Connect app used by Honda City 5th generation used weak security mechanisms in its APIs for access control which would allow a malicious user to perform actions like starting the car, locking/unlocking car etc. remotely by interacting with it's Telematics Control Unit (TCU)
- FREE-FALL: HACKING TESLA FROM WIRELESS TO CAN BUS - Zeronights 2016 and later BlackHat talk by Sen Nie, Ling Liu, and Yuefeng Du from Tencent and KEEN Security lab
- TR22: UDS Fuzzing and the Path to Game Over - UDS diagnostics protocol fuzzing methodology, presented as a result of numerous penetration testing projects in the automotive industry, with real world exploitation PoCs, presented during Troopers Conference 2022.
- CCC - Horror Stories From the Automotive Industry - Horrifying examples of common vulnerabilities in the automotive industry, result of more than 100 penetration tests targeting Tier 1 suppliers and OEMs, with ultimate goal to raise awareness on the current state of automotive security. Additionally, PoC of automated week seed randomness exploitation in automotive components, by using a battery isolator in heavy-duty vehicles and the UDS protocol, for complete compromise of a target. Presented in Chaos Communication Camp, DeepSec 2023 and Troopers Conference 23.
- Car Hacking Scene in the PH: How Far We've Come - Car Hacking Village PH presents their first attempt on the main tracks for ROOTCON. This is a rundown of CHVPH's past security research to current research - from hacking infotainment systems to CAN Bus protocols and a summary of cars available in the Philippines which are susceptible to car thefts.
- Analysis of an In-vehicular network: From CAN bus to infotainment - This talk will feature Div0 CSQ’s 3 test benches as they explore more features on Connected vehicles. This was presented in ROOTCON 17 Car Hacking Village.
- An overview of Automotive Defensive Engineering - This talk is for car hackers to learn about modern defense measures being added to ECUs and Vehicle Architectures. This was presented in ROOTCON 17 Car Hacking Village.
- Hacking Back Your Car - Kamel Ghali's talk on ROOTCON 17 about how an attacker's perspective on hacking a car and origins of such attacks, how they've been used in different countries over the years, and explore the technical details of what makes such an attack possible.
Books
- 2014 Car Hacker's Handbook - Free guide to hacking vehicles from 2014. You can also buy the book on Amazon [here](https://www.amazon.com/Car-Hackers-Manual-Craig-Smith/dp/0990490106?ie=UTF8&keywords=2014%20car%20hacker%27s%20manual&qid=1405445024&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1).
- 2016 Car Hacker's Handbook - Latest version of the Car Hacker's handbook with updated information to hack your own vehicle and learning vehicle security. For a physical copy as well unlimited PDF, MOBI, and EPUB copies of the book, buy it at [No Starch Press](https://www.nostarch.com/carhacking). Sections are available online [here](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao_QCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=car%20hacking&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false).
- A Comprehensible Guide to Controller Area Network - An older book from 2005, but still a comprehensive guide on CAN buses and networking in vehicles.
- Controller Area Network Prototyping with Arduino - This book guides you through prototyping CAN applications on Arduinos, which can help when working with CAN on your own car.
- Embedded Networking with CAN and CANopen - From 2003, this book fills in gaps in CAN literature and will educate you further on CAN networks and working with embedded systems.
- Inside Radio: An Attack and Defense Guide
- A Comprehensible Guide to Controller Area Network - An older book from 2005, but still a comprehensive guide on CAN buses and networking in vehicles.
- Controller Area Network Prototyping with Arduino - This book guides you through prototyping CAN applications on Arduinos, which can help when working with CAN on your own car.
- Embedded Networking with CAN and CANopen - From 2003, this book fills in gaps in CAN literature and will educate you further on CAN networks and working with embedded systems.
- 2014 Car Hacker's Handbook - Free guide to hacking vehicles from 2014.
- Inside Radio: An Attack and Defense Guide
- 智能汽车安全攻防大揭秘 - By-Wire remote control system, common potential attack surface, etc. Finally, a detailed analysis of some actual automotive attack or security test cases, and defense analysis of the loopholes involved in the case during the analysis process.
- A Comprehensible Guide to Controller Area Network - An older book from 2005, but still a comprehensive guide on CAN buses and networking in vehicles.
Research Papers
Blogs
- Keen Security Lab Blog - Blog created by Keen Security Lab of Tencent that posts research on car security.
- Keen Security Lab Blog - Blog created by Keen Security Lab of Tencent that posts research on car security.
Coordinated disclosure
- JavaScript
  - contribution guidelines
  - General Motors - Coordinated disclosure submissions accepted
  - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles - Coordinated disclosure submissions accepted, paid bounties offered
  - Tesla Motors - Coordinated disclosure submissions accepted, paid bounties offered
  - Application Security
  - Security
  - Capture the Flag
  - Malware Analysis
  - Android Security
  - Hacking
  - Honeypots
  - Incident Response
  - contribution guidelines
  - Stellantis - Coordinated disclosure submissions accepted, paid bounties offered
  - ASRG - The ASRG Disclosure Process is to support responsible disclosure when direct communication with the responsible company is unavailable or not responsive.
  - Zeekr - Zeekr and Geely Responsible disclosure program
Conferences
- U.S. Automotve Cyber Security Summit - cyber-security.iqpc.de/) - Conference series dedicated to automotive cyber security involving many OEMs, Tier 1s, academics, consultants, etc.
- escar conference - Embedded security in cars. European event has run for over 10 years, and they now have US and Asia events.
- IT Security for Vehicles - Conference run by the Association of German Engineers (VDI), with participation from US and European OEMs, Tier 1s, and others.
- Cyber Truck Challenge - Conference that focuses on heavy vehicle cybersecurity issues. Includes hands-on assessments of heavy vehicles and subsystems.
- IT Security for Vehicles - Conference run by the Association of German Engineers (VDI), with participation from US and European OEMs, Tier 1s, and others.
Who to Follow
- Twitter
- Website
- Twitter
- Twitter
- Website
- Twitter
- haveibeenpwned
- Twitter
- Website
- Twitter
- Twitter
- Twitter
- Twitter
- Website
- Twitter
- Website
- Discussion Group
- Twitter
- Website
- Twitter
- Website
- Youtube
- Website
- Website
Podcasts and Episodes
- Podcasts
  - Security Weekly - Excellent podcast covering all ranges of security, with some episodes focusing portions on vehicle security from cars to drones.
  - TrustedSec Podcast - From the people at TrustedSec, leaders in Social Engineering, their episodes often go into recent vehicle vulnerabilities and exploits.
  - SANS Internet Storm Center - the ISC run a regular podcast going into the latest vulnerabilities and security news.
  - Security Ledger - A podcast focusing on interviewing security experts about topics related to security.
  - Security Weekly - Excellent podcast covering all ranges of security, with some episodes focusing portions on vehicle security from cars to drones.
  - TrustedSec Podcast - From the people at TrustedSec, leaders in Social Engineering, their episodes often go into recent vehicle vulnerabilities and exploits.
- Episodes
  - Car Hacking with Craig Smith - Software Engineering Daily did an amazing episode with Craig Smith, author of the Car Hacking Handbook (above), on hacking into vehicles.
  - Big Bugs Podcast Episode 1: Auto Bugs - Critical Vulns found in Cars with Jason Haddix - Jason Haddix explores major vulnerabilities found in cars.
  - Hacking Under the Hood and Into Your Car - Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller discuss with NPR how they were able to hack into vehicles.
  - Hacking Connected Vehicles with Chris Valasek of IOActive - Chris Valasek talks about hacking into connected vehicles.
  - Hackable? - Cars are Computers - Geoff Siskind paired up with Craig Smith, author of The Car Hacker’s Handbook, to show us just how easy – or not – it is to hack a car.
  - Car Hacking with Craig Smith - Software Engineering Daily did an amazing episode with Craig Smith, author of the Car Hacking Handbook (above), on hacking into vehicles.
  - Big Bugs Podcast Episode 1: Auto Bugs - Critical Vulns found in Cars with Jason Haddix - Jason Haddix explores major vulnerabilities found in cars.
  - Hacking Under the Hood and Into Your Car - Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller discuss with NPR how they were able to hack into vehicles.
Miscellaneous
- Episodes
  - Real ORNL Automotive Dynamometer (ROAD) CAN Intrusion Dataset
  - CAN DoS Fuzzing Attack Video
  - ECU Reflashing Detector Demo
  - Uptane - Uptane is an open and secure software update system design protecting software delivered over-the-air to the computerized units of automobiles and is designed to be resilient even to the best efforts of nation state attackers.
  - This article
  - Arduino - Arduino boards have a number of shields you can attach to connect to CAN-enabled devices.
  - ChuangZhou CAN-Bus Shield
  - DFRobot CAN-BUS Shield For Arduino
  - SparkFun CAN-BUS Shield
  - Freematics OBD-II Telematics Kit - Arduino-based OBD-II Bluetooth adapter kit has both an OBD-II device and a data logger, and it comes with GPS, an accelerometer and gyro, and temperature sensors.
  - ELM327 - The de facto chipset that's very cheap and can be used to connect to CAN devices.
  - GoodThopter12 - Crafted by a well-known hardware hacker, this board is a general board that can be used for exploration of automotive networks.
  - Red Pitaya - Replaces expensive measurement tools such as oscilloscopes, signal generators, and spectrum analyzers. Red Pitaya has LabView and Matlab interfaces, and you can write your own tools and applications for it. It even supports extensions for things like Arduino shields.
  - ChipWhisperer - A system for side-channel attacks, such as power analysis and clock glitching.
  - HackerSDR - A Software Defined Radio peripheral capable of transmission or reception of radio signals from 1 MHz to 6 GHz. Designed to enable test and development of modern and next generation radio technologies.
  - Carloop - Open source development kit that makes it easy to connect your car to the Internet. Lowest cost car hacking tool that is compatible with SocketCAN and can-utils. No OBD-II to serial cable required.
  - CANSPY - A platform giving security auditors to audit CAN devices. It can be used to block, forward or modify CAN frames on the fly autonomously as well as interactively.
  - CANBus Triple - General purpose Controller Area Network swiss army knife and development platform.
  - USBtin - USBtin is a simple USB to CAN interface. It can monitor CAN busses and transmit CAN messages. USBtin implements the USB CDC class and creates a virtual comport on the host computer.
  - OpenXC - OpenXC is a combination of open source hardware and software that lets you extend your vehicle with custom applications and pluggable modules. It uses standard, well-known tools to open up a wealth of data from the vehicle to developers. Started by researchers at Ford, it works for all 2002 and newer MY vehicles (standard OBD-II interface). Researchers at Ford Motor Company joined up to create a standard way of creating aftermarket software and hardware for vehicles.
  - Macchina M2 - Macchina 2.0 is a complete overhaul of our 1.X generation of Macchina. The goals are still the same: Create an easy-to-use, fully-open, and super-compatible automotive interface.
  - PandwaRF - PandwaRF is a pocket-sized, portable RF analysis tool operating the sub-1 GHz range. It allows the capture, analysis and re-transmission of RF via an Android device or a Linux PC. Capture any data in ASK/OOK/MSK/2-FSK/GFSK modulation from the 300-928 MHz band.
  - CAN MITM Bridge by MUXSCAN - a tool to MITM CAN messages, allowing easy interaction with your car.
  - This article
  - DFRobot CAN-BUS Shield For Arduino
  - Freematics OBD-II Telematics Kit - Arduino-based OBD-II Bluetooth adapter kit has both an OBD-II device and a data logger, and it comes with GPS, an accelerometer and gyro, and temperature sensors.
  - GoodThopter12 - Crafted by a well-known hardware hacker, this board is a general board that can be used for exploration of automotive networks.
  - USB2CAN - Cheap USB to CAN connector that will register a device on linux that you can use to get data from a CAN network.
  - Red Pitaya - Replaces expensive measurement tools such as oscilloscopes, signal generators, and spectrum analyzers. Red Pitaya has LabView and Matlab interfaces, and you can write your own tools and applications for it. It even supports extensions for things like Arduino shields.
  - ChipWhisperer - A system for side-channel attacks, such as power analysis and clock glitching.
  - CANtact - "The Open Source Car Tool" designed to help you hack your car. You can buy one or make your own following the guide here.
  - CANtact - "The Open Source Car Tool" designed to help you hack your car. You can buy one or make your own following the guide here.
  - Macchina M2 - Macchina 2.0 is a complete overhaul of our 1.X generation of Macchina. The goals are still the same: Create an easy-to-use, fully-open, and super-compatible automotive interface.
Applications
- Episodes
  - Intrepid Tools - Expensive, but extremely versatile tools specifically designed for reversing CAN and other vehicle communication protocols.
  - RomRaider - An open source tuning suite for the Subaru engine control unit that lets you view and log data and tune the ECU.
  - O2OO - Works with the ELM327 to record data to a SQLite database for graphing purposes. It also supports reading GPS data. You can connect this to your car and have it map out using Google Maps KML data where you drive.
  - Wireshark - WireShark can be used for reversing CAN communications.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - OpenXC - Currently, OpenXC works with `Python` and `Android`, with libraries provided to get started.
  - metasploit - The popular metasploit framework now supports Hardware Bridge sessions, that extend the framework's capabilites onto hardware devices such as socketcan and SDR radios.
  - Mazda AIO Tweaks - All-in-one installer/uninstaller for many available Mazda MZD Infotainment System tweaks.
  - Intrepid Tools - Expensive, but extremely versatile tools specifically designed for reversing CAN and other vehicle communication protocols.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - RomRaider - An open source tuning suite for the Subaru engine control unit that lets you view and log data and tune the ECU.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
  - Kayak - Java application for CAN bus diagnosis and monitoring.
Libraries and Tools
- Python
  - CANard - A Python framework for Controller Area Network applications.
  - CanoPy - A python gui used to visualize and plot message payloads in real time.
  - SocketCAN
  - canopen
  - cantools
  - CANard - A Python framework for Controller Area Network applications.
- JavaScript
  - UberATC - Uber Advanced Technologies Center - <[email protected]>.
  - Tesla - Tesla hires security professionals for a variety of roles, particularly securing their vehicles.
  - Intrepid Control Systems - Embedded security company building tools for reversing vehicles.
  - Rapid7 - Rapid7 does work in information, computer, and embedded security.
  - IOActive - Security consulting firm that does work on pentesting hardware and embedded systems.
  - Cohda Wireless - V2X DSRC Radio and Software
  - Intrepid Control Systems - Embedded security company building tools for reversing vehicles.
  - IOActive - Security consulting firm that does work on pentesting hardware and embedded systems.
  - UberATC - Uber Advanced Technologies Center, now Uber AV - <[email protected]>.
  - VicOne - A subsidiary of Trend Micro which focuses on automotive security
Uncategorized
- Uncategorized
  - Awesome CAN Bus - an awesome list just for CAN Bus-related tools (hardware, software, etc.)
  - Awesome LIN Bus - an awesome list just for LIN-Bus related tools (hardware, software, etc.)

Programming Languages

Rust 1 Python 1 Shell 1 JavaScript 1 PHP 1

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awesome-vehicle-security

Websites

Articles

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Books

Research Papers

Blogs

Coordinated disclosure

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Conferences

Who to Follow

Podcasts and Episodes

Podcasts

Episodes

Miscellaneous

Episodes

Applications

Episodes

Libraries and Tools

Python

JavaScript

Uncategorized

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