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Graphics Programming Resources List
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Graphics Programming Resources List

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README 

        
# Graphics Programming Resources



A hand-picked list of graphics programming resources maintained by graphics programming virtual meetup attendees.



- Meetup page: https://www.meetup.com/Graphics-Programming-Virtual-Meetup

- Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/TsTDb4uYfR

- Follow us on Mastodon: https://mastodon.gamedev.place/@graphicsmeetup

- YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbX05PBAE-582PYaRXdjRnw



## Contents



Table of Contents



- [Beginner friendly](#beginner-friendly)

- [Meta-links](#meta-links)

- [Overview](#overview)

  - [Books](#books)

  - [Courses](#courses)

- [Advice](#advice)

- [Math](#math)

  - [Tutorials](#tutorials)

  - [Books](#books-1)

  - [Homogeneous Coordinate](#homogeneous-coordinate)

  - [Rotation](#rotation)

  - [Quaternions](#quaternions)

  - [Linear Algebra / Matrices](#linear-algebra--matrices)

  - [Geometric Algebra](#geometric-algebra)

  - [Curves and Surfaces](#curves-and-surfaces)

  - [Implementing Math Library](#implementing-math-library)

  - [Circular/Spherical harmonics](#circularspherical-harmonics)

  - [Geometry](#geometry)

- [Ray Tracing](#ray-tracing)

  - [Intro to Ray Tracing](#intro-to-ray-tracing)

  - [Ray Tracing Books](#ray-tracing-books)

  - [Ray Tracing Courses](#ray-tracing-courses)

  - [Algorithms](#algorithms)

  - [BVH](#bvh)

  - [Sampling & Variance Reduction](#sampling--variance-reduction)

  - [Intersection](#intersection)

  - [Denoising](#denoising)

  - [GPU Ray Tracing](#gpu-ray-tracing)

- [Rasterization](#rasterization)

  - [Graphics Pipeline](#graphics-pipeline)

  - [Shading Techniques](#shading-techniques)

  - [Culling](#culling)

  - [Depth Buffer](#depth-buffer)

  - [Software Rasterization](#software-rasterization)

- [Graphics Effects](#graphics-effects)

  - [Normal Mapping](#normal-mapping)

  - [Hash Functions](#hash-functions)

  - [Dithering](#dithering)

  - [Shadow](#shadow)

  - [Ambient Occlusion](#ambient-occlusion)

  - [Reflection](#reflection)

  - [Transparency](#transparency)

  - [Ray Marching and SDF](#ray-marching-and-sdf)

  - [Line, Edge, and Outline Drawing](#line-edge-and-outline-drawing)

  - [Text Rendering](#text-rendering)

  - [Tessellation](#tessellation)

  - [Voxel Rendering](#voxel-rendering)

  - [Volume Rendering](#volume-rendering)

  - [Dithering](#dithering-1)

  - [Sprite Rendering](#sprite-rendering)

  - [Atmosphere Scattering](#atmosphere-scattering)

  - [Grass Rendering](#grass-rendering)

- [PBR](#pbr)

- [Textures](#textures)

  - [Mipmapping](#mipmapping)

  - [Texture Compression](#texture-compression)

  - [Texture Bombing](#texture-bombing)

- [Shader Programming](#shader-programming)

- [Compute](#compute)

  - [Introduction to compute shader](#introduction-to-compute-shader)

  - [GPU Architecture](#gpu-architecture)

  - [Parallel Algorithms](#parallel-algorithms)

  - [Atomics](#atomics)

- [Color, HDR, and Tone Mapping](#color-hdr-and-tone-mapping)

- [Sampling and anti-aliasing](#sampling-and-anti-aliasing)

- [Animation](#animation)

- [Geometry](#geometry-1)

  - [Geometry representations](#geometry-representations)

  - [Iso-surface methods](#iso-surface-methods)

  - [Libraries](#libraries)

- [Physics and Simulation](#physics-and-simulation)

  - [Physics-Based Animation](#physics-based-animation)

  - [Attractors](#attractors)

  - [Optics](#optics)

- [APIs](#apis)

  - [Ray Tracing API](#ray-tracing-api)

  - [OpenGL](#opengl)

  - [Vulkan](#vulkan)

  - [DirectX 12](#directx-12)

  - [WebGL](#webgl)

  - [WebGPU](#webgpu)

- [System Design](#system-design)

  - [Renderer Architecture](#renderer-architecture)

  - [GPU-driven rendering](#gpu-driven-rendering)

- [Scene Description](#scene-description)

- [General Programming](#general-programming)

  - [Meta-links](#meta-links-1)

  - [Engine Development](#engine-development)

  - [Performance Optimization](#performance-optimization)

  - [High-level Programming](#high-level-programming)

  - [Game loop](#game-loop)

  - [Floating-point numbers](#floating-point-numbers)

  - [Memory Allocation & Management](#memory-allocation--management)

- [Tools/libraries](#toolslibraries)

  - [Debuggers](#debuggers)

  - [Profilers](#profilers)

  - [Denoiser](#denoiser)

- [Assets](#assets)

  - [Polygonal Model & Scene](#polygonal-model--scene)

  - [Materials](#materials)

  - [Voxel Data](#voxel-data)



## Beginner friendly



Here is a list of resources suitable for beginners,

though intermediate or advanced folks can also benefit from them.



- [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/) - Learn OpenGL is the definitive resource for learning real-time renderer techniques as beginners. Even though it is an OpenGL tutorial, it also teaches rendering techniques at the same time.

- [Ray Tracing in One Weekend series](https://raytracing.github.io/) - Those three short books explain basic concepts of path tracing and implement a software renderer from scratch.

- 🎥 [CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9_jI1bdZmz2emSh0UQ5iOdT2xRHFHL7E) -

A comprehensive introduction to various topics in computer graphics.

- [Catlike Coding](https://catlikecoding.com/) - Focuses on C# and shaders in Unity.

- [Book Of Shaders](https://thebookofshaders.com/) - The author introduces shaders from an artistic perspective, and the book covers many topics that more engineering-focused resources such as "Learn OpenGL" won't cover.

- [ShaderToy](https://www.shadertoy.com/) - Huge collection of open source techniques to refer to, ranging from very basic to more advanced topics. 



## Meta-links

Resources that curate other resources. Some meta links are omitted here if they are mentioned in other categories.



- [GPU Optimization for GameDev](https://gist.github.com/silvesthu/505cf0cbf284bb4b971f6834b8fec93d)

- [Volumetric Clouds Resources List](https://gist.github.com/pixelsnafu/e3904c49cbd8ff52cb53d95ceda3980e)

- [graphics resources](https://github.com/mattdesl/graphics-resources)

- [Awesome Computer Graphics (luisnts)](https://github.com/luisnts/awesome-computer-graphics)

- [Awesome Computer Graphics (waitin2010)](https://github.com/waitin2010/awesome-computer-graphics)

- [Fun with Computer Graphics](https://github.com/zheng95z/fun-with-computer-graphics)

- [Awesome Graphics Libraries - engines & frameworks](https://github.com/jslee02/awesome-graphics-libraries)

- [Awesome Computer Vision](https://github.com/jbhuang0604/awesome-computer-vision)

- [Awesome Gamedev](https://github.com/ellisonleao/magictools) - Lots of graphics-related stuff.

- [Physics-Based Animation](http://www.physicsbasedanimation.com/) - Contains learning resources and papers.

- [Digital Morphogenesis Resources - Info About Some Different Simulation Techniques](https://github.com/jasonwebb/morphogenesis-resources)

- [Graphics Programming Weekly - Article Database](https://www.jendrikillner.com/article_database/)

- [Graphics Studies Compilation - Adrian Courrèges](https://www.adriancourreges.com/blog/2020/12/29/graphics-studies-compilation/) - Handy compilation of frame breakdown articles

- [Readings on Physically Based Rendering](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/readings-on-physically-based-rendering/) - A collection of resources related to PBR rendering

- [Computer Graphics Resources Materials for Self Study](https://legends2k.github.io/note/cg_resources/)

- [Resources for Beginning Graphics Programming](https://medium.com/vrtigo/resources-for-beginning-graphics-programming-c0da724381bc)



## Overview

### Books

- [Graphics Codex](https://graphicscodex.com/app/app.html) - Free book that contains chapters on physically-based shading and rendering, coding projects, and reference pages.

- [Real-Time Rendering, Fourth Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Real-Time-Rendering-Fourth-Tomas-Akenine-M%C3%B6ller/dp/1138627003)

- [Fundamentals of Computer Graphics 5th Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Computer-Graphics-Steve-Marschner/dp/0367505037)



### Courses

- [CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9_jI1bdZmz2emSh0UQ5iOdT2xRHFHL7E)

- [6.837: Introduction to Computer Graphics (fall 2020)](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQ3UicqQtfNuBjzJ-KEWmG1yjiRMXYKhh)

- [Introduction to Computer Graphics - Cem Yuksel](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLplnkTzzqsZTfYh4UbhLGpI5kGd5oW_Hh)



## Advice

- [Finding Your Home in Game Graphics Programming](http://alextardif.com/LearningGraphics.html) - Presents a high-level overview of the rendering world and resources for getting started in the different specializations

- [Insider guide to tech interviews](https://bartwronski.com/2022/01/04/insider-guide-to-tech-interviews/) - An in-depth analysis of the interview process for experienced developers

- [Graphics Programming – Where To Start?](https://www.stefanpijnacker.nl/article/graphics-programming-where-to-start/) - Advices and resource recommendation for beginning learner



## Math



### Tutorials

- 🎥 [Math For Game Devs](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLImQaTpSAdsD88wprTConznD1OY1EfK_V) - Video Series from Freya Holmér



### Books

- [immersive linear algebra](http://immersivemath.com/ila/index.html) - Free online book with interactive figures.

- [Mathematics for Computer Graphics](https://www.amazon.com/Mathematics-Computer-Graphics-Undergraduate-Science/dp/1447173341)

- [Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics, 3rd Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Mathematics-Programming-Computer-Graphics-Third/dp/1435458869)

- [Foundations of Game Engine Development, Volume 1: Mathematics](https://www.amazon.com/Foundations-Game-Engine-Development-Mathematics/dp/0985811749) - Introduces math routines with implementations. It also touches Grassman algebra.



### Homogeneous Coordinate

- [A trip down the graphics pipeline: the homogeneous perspective transform](https://www.ece.uvic.ca/~bctill/20004/additional/homcoord/00210494.pdf)



### Rotation

- [Gimbal lock confusion - Computer Graphics Stack Exchange](https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/12273/gimbal-lock-confusion)



### Quaternions

- [Visualizing quaternions](https://eater.net/quaternions) - A great intereactive introduction/refresher for quaternions. It focuses on intuition rather than mathematical definitions.



### Linear Algebra / Matrices

- [GPUOpen Matrix Compendium](https://gpuopen.com/learn/matrix-compendium/matrix-compendium-intro/)

- [3Blue1Brown Youtube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/c/3blue1brown) - general math topics, good for linear algebra and calculus.



### Geometric Algebra

- [Let's remove Quaternions from every 3D Engine](https://marctenbosch.com/quaternions/) - Introduces *Rotors* in Geometric Algebra.



### Curves and Surfaces

- 🎥 [The Beauty of Bézier Curves](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVwxzDHniEw)

- [BĂ©zier Curves](https://blog.richardekwonye.com/bezier-curves) - An interactive explanation and exploration of Bezier curves



### Implementing Math Library

- [On Vector Math Libraries](https://www.reedbeta.com/blog/on-vector-math-libraries/)

- [GDC18 - Linear Algebra Upgraded](http://www.terathon.com/gdc18_lengyel.pdf) - Designs an affine space type library with distinct vector and point types, and also uses template and union hacks to implement vector swizzling in C++.

- 🎥 [CppCon 2018: Valentin Galea “Rapid Prototyping of Graphics Shaders in Modern C++”](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FoAxasNssA) - Also implemented swizzling with similar techniques.



### Circular/Spherical harmonics

- [Circular Harmonics: Digging in circles](https://valdes.cc/articles/ch.html)

- [Spherical Harmonics for Beginners](https://dickyjim.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/spherical-harmonics-for-beginners/) - Cover the fundamentals of using Spherical Harmonics without delving into the math deeply

- [Spherical Harmonics in Graphics: A Brief Overview](https://gen-graphics.blogspot.com/2017/11/spherical-harmonics-in-graphics-brief.html)

- [Spherical Harmonics - Insights And Fundamentals](https://github.com/AlexSabourinDev/cranberry_blog/blob/master/SphericalHarmonics_Fundamentals.md)

- [Spherical Harmonic Lighting](https://simonstechblog.blogspot.com/2011/12/spherical-harmonic-lighting.html)

- [Stupid Spherical Harmonics (SH) Tricks](https://www.ppsloan.org/publications/StupidSH36.pdf)



### Geometry

- [Visualizing Delaunay Triangulation](https://ianthehenry.com/posts/delaunay/)



## Ray Tracing

### Intro to Ray Tracing

- [Ray Tracing in One Weekend series](https://raytracing.github.io/)

- [An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~david/Classes/Papers/p343-whitted.pdf) - Turner Whitted's original Ray Tracing paper.

- 🎥 [Lecture 18: Monte Carlo Rendering (CMU 15-462/662)](https://youtu.be/FUZJNlRqrAc) - Including a very good introduction to importance sampling.

- [Global Illumination Compendium](https://www.ii.uni.wroc.pl/~anl/cgfiles/TotalCompendium.pdf) - overview of ray tracing/path tracing techniques.

- [Creating a physically-based path tracer](https://alexanderameye.github.io/notes/path-tracer/)



### Ray Tracing Books

- [Physically Based Rendering: From Theory To Implementation Third Edition](https://www.pbr-book.org/) - The definitive book for offline rendering.

- [Ray Tracing Gems](https://www.realtimerendering.com/raytracinggems/rtg/index.html) - Like other "gems" books, it contains standalone chapters on various ray tracing topics.

- [Ray Tracing Gems II](https://www.realtimerendering.com/raytracinggems/rtg2/index.html)

- [Advanced Global Illumination](https://www.amazon.com/Advanced-Global-Illumination-Philip-Dutre/dp/1568813074) - An advanced book that focuses on light transport theory.



### Ray Tracing Courses

- [Dartmouth Rendering Algorithms (Fall21)](https://cs87-dartmouth.github.io/Fall2021/) - The course nicely fills the gap between a Ray Tracing in One Weekend style toy renderer to a more general and fully-fledged renderer that PBRT describes.



### Algorithms

- [Bidirectional Estimators for Light Transport](https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~misha/ReadingSeminar/Papers/Veach94.pdf) - Introduces *bidirectional path tracing*.

- [Monte Carlo Methods for Light Transport Simulation](https://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/veach_thesis/) - the Academy Award-winning Ph.D. thesis by Eric Veach. It starts from *bidirectional light transport algorithms* and introduces *multiple importance sampling* and *Metropolis light transport*



### BVH

- [A Survey on Bounding Volume Hierarchies for Ray Tracing](https://meistdan.github.io/publications/bvh_star/paper.pdf) - Excellent overview paper on BVH.

- [bvh - A modern C++ BVH construction and traversal library](https://github.com/madmann91/bvh) - Implements various algorithms for BVH traversal and construction.



### Sampling & Variance Reduction

- 🎥 [Lecture 19: Variance Reduction (CMU 15-462/662)](https://youtu.be/IQhLk_XaFc8)

- [Flavors of Sampling in Ray Tracing](http://psgraphics.blogspot.com/2018/10/flavors-of-sampling-in-ray-tracing.html)

- [Stratified Sampling of Spherical Triangles](http://www.graphics.cornell.edu/pubs/1995/Arv95c.pdf)

- [Distributing Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space by Permuting Pixel Seeds Between Frames](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02158423/file/blueNoiseTemporal2019_slides.pdf)

- [A Low-Discrepancy Sampler that Distributes Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space](https://belcour.github.io/blog/slides/2019-sampling-bluenoise/index.html)

- [Rendering in Real Time with Spatiotemporal Blue Noise Textures](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/rendering-in-real-time-with-spatiotemporal-blue-noise-textures-part-1/) series

- [What is direct lighting (next event estimation) in a ray tracer?](https://psgraphics.blogspot.com/2022/01/what-is-direct-lighting-next-event.html)

- [Much Ado About Sampling](https://www.jeremyong.com/math/monte%20carlo/2022/05/17/much-ado-about-sampling/)

- [Spatiotemporal reservoir resampling for real-time ray tracing with dynamic direct lighting](https://cs.dartmouth.edu/wjarosz/publications/bitterli20spatiotemporal.html) - combines RIS+MIS with reservoir sampling and demonstrates the reservoir merging capability to perform resampling across space and time



### Intersection

- [Static Object Intersections - Real-Time Rendering Resource Page](https://www.realtimerendering.com/intersections.html) - A collection of intersection algorithms.



### Denoising

- [Ray Tracing Denoising - Alain.xyz](https://alain.xyz/blog/ray-tracing-denoising)

- [Ray Tracing Filtering - Alain.xyz](https://alain.xyz/blog/ray-tracing-filtering)

- [Edge-Avoiding À-Trous Wavelet Transform for fast Global Illumination Filtering](https://jo.dreggn.org/home/2010_atrous.pdf) - Classic paper that introduces a fast and simple filter for real-time ray tracing denoising



### GPU Ray Tracing

See also [APIs](#apis)

- [Megakernels Considered Harmful: Wavefront Path Tracing on GPUs](https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/pubs/2013-07_Megakernels-Considered-Harmful/laine2013hpg_paper.pdf)



## Rasterization

### Graphics Pipeline

- [A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index/)

- [Creative Use of GPU Fixed-Function Hardware](https://asawicki.info/news_1745_creative_use_of_gpu_fixed-function_hardware)



### Shading Techniques

- [Graphics Pipelines for Young Bloods](https://www.jeremyong.com/cpp/2021/05/20/graphics-pipelines-for-young-bloods/) - Discuss various tradeoffs between different graphics pipeline techniques

- [A Primer On Efficient Rendering Algorithms & Clustered Shading](https://www.aortiz.me/2018/12/21/CG.html) - Same as the above article but delves deeper with clustered shading



### Culling

- [Optimizing Software Occlusion Culling](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/17/optimizing-sw-occlusion-culling-index/)

- [Nvidia's gl_occlusion_culling example](https://github.com/nvpro-samples/gl_occlusion_culling)



### Depth Buffer

- [Depth Precision Visualized](https://developer.nvidia.com/content/depth-precision-visualized)



### Software Rasterization

- [ssloy/tinyrenderer](https://github.com/ssloy/tinyrenderer) - A short tutorial on writing a software rasterizer. Be careful that the tutorial has some rough edges.

- [A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization](https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~david/Classes/Papers/comp175-06-pineda.pdf)

- [Scratchapixel: Rasterization Stage](https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rasterization-practical-implementation/rasterization-stage)

- [Triangle rasterization in practice](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/triangle-rasterization-in-practice/)

- [Optimizing the basic rasterizer](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2013/02/10/optimizing-the-basic-rasterizer/)

- [High-Performance Software Rasterization on GPUs](https://users.aalto.fi/~laines9/publications/laine2011hpg_paper.pdf)

- [Line Rasterization slides, MIT EECS 6.837, Teller and Durand](http://groups.csail.mit.edu/graphics/classes/6.837/F02/lectures/6.837-7_Line.pdf)



## Graphics Effects



### Normal Mapping

- [Three Normal Mapping Techniques Explained For the Mathematically Uninclined](https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/three-normal-mapping-techniques-explained-for-the-mathematically-uninclined)

- [Normal Mapping - Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Normal-Mapping)



### Hash Functions

-[PCG Family of Hash Functions - Hash Functions for GPU Rendering](https://www.reedbeta.com/blog/hash-functions-for-gpu-rendering/)



### Dithering

-[Dithering on the GPU](http://alex-charlton.com/posts/Dithering_on_the_GPU/) - Dithering for aesthetic purposes.

-[Anisoptera Games - How to Fix Color Banding with Dithering](https://www.anisopteragames.com/how-to-fix-color-banding-with-dithering/) - Dithering for functional purposes (fixing color banding on gradients).



### Shadow

- [Shadow Mapping - LearnOpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Shadows/Shadow-Mapping)

- [Percentage-Closer Soft Shadows](https://developer.download.nvidia.com/shaderlibrary/docs/shadow_PCSS.pdf)

- [Efficient Shadows from Many Lights](https://efficientshading.com/wp-content/uploads/s2015_shadows.pdf)

- [Reflective Shadow Maps](https://ericpolman.com/2016/03/17/reflective-shadow-maps/)

- [Experiments in Hybrid Raytraced Shadows](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2021/05/15/experiments-in-hybrid-raytraced-shadows/)

- 🎥 [Michał Olejnik - Raytraced Shadows in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video presentation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXp-HEAw-l4)

- [Using Blue Noise For Raytraced Soft Shadows](https://blog.demofox.org/2020/05/16/using-blue-noise-for-raytraced-soft-shadows/)



### Ambient Occlusion

- [Learn OpenGL: SSAO](https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/SSAO)

- [John Chapman SSAO Tutorial](http://john-chapman-graphics.blogspot.com/2013/01/ssao-tutorial.html)

- [Screen Space Ambient Occlusion - Louis Bavoil, Miguel Sainz](https://developer.download.nvidia.com/SDK/10.5/direct3d/Source/ScreenSpaceAO/doc/ScreenSpaceAO.pdf)

- [Know your SSAO artifacts](https://mtnphil.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/know-your-ssao-artifacts/)

- [Practical Realtime Strategies for Accurate Indirect Occlusion](https://iryoku.com/downloads/Practical-Realtime-Strategies-for-Accurate-Indirect-Occlusion.pdf)



### Reflection

- [Screen-Space Reflections Explained](https://jhstrom.blogspot.com/2021/03/screen-space-reflections-explained.html)



### Transparency

- [Learn OpenGL: OIT](https://learnopengl.com/Guest-Articles/2020/OIT/Introduction)

- [Compositing digital images](https://graphics.pixar.com/library/Compositing/paper.pdf)

- [Visual glBlendFunc + glBlendEquation Tool](https://www.andersriggelsen.dk/glblendfunc.php)

- Order independent transparency blog series

  - [Part 1](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2022/06/25/order-independent-transparency-part-1/)

  - [Part 2](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2022/07/02/order-independent-transparency-part-2/)

  - [Endgame](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2022/07/10/order-independent-transparency-endgame/)



### Ray Marching and SDF

- [Graphics Codex: Ray Marching](https://graphicscodex.com/app/app.html?page=_rn_rayMrch)

- [Distant functions for primitives - Inigo Quilez](http://iquilezles.org/articles/distfunctions/)

- [soft shadows in raymarched SDFs - 2010](http://iquilezles.org/articles/rmshadows/)



### Line, Edge, and Outline Drawing

#### Triangulated line

- [Drawing Lines is Hard](https://mattdesl.svbtle.com/drawing-lines-is-hard) - Summarizes the problem of GPU line primitives and introduces techniques for drawing triangulated lines.

- [Instanced Line Rendering Part I](https://wwwtyro.net/2019/11/18/instanced-lines.html) - Builds on the foundation from "Drawing Lines is Hard" and uses instance rendering to draw lines.

- [Instanced Line Rendering Part II: Alpha blending](https://wwwtyro.net/2021/10/01/instanced-lines-part-2.html) - Continue of the above article, and introduces a way to do alpha-blending with triangulated lines.



#### Outline

- [5 ways to draw an outline](https://alexanderameye.github.io/notes/rendering-outlines/)

- [The Quest for Very Wide Outlines](https://bgolus.medium.com/the-quest-for-very-wide-outlines-ba82ed442cd9)



### Text Rendering

- [Learn OpenGL: Text Rendering](https://learnopengl.com/In-Practice/Text-Rendering)

- [bitmap font renderer](https://jmickle66666666.github.io/blog/techart/2019/12/18/bitmap-font-renderer.html)



### Tessellation

- [Tutorial 30: Basic Tessellation](https://ogldev.org/www/tutorial30/tutorial30.html)



### Voxel Rendering

- [VoxelSpace](https://github.com/s-macke/VoxelSpace)



### Volume Rendering

- [Structured Volume Sampling](https://github.com/huwb/volsample) - MIT-licensed implementation of the Structured Volume Sampling technique, along with a simple framework for comparing other techniques.



### Dithering

- [Dithering on the GPU](http://alex-charlton.com/posts/Dithering_on_the_GPU/) - describe a novel algorithm for ordered dithering based on an arbitrary palette



### Sprite Rendering

- [Modern (Bindless) Sprite Batch for Vulkan (and more!)](https://jorenjoestar.github.io/post/modern_sprite_batch/)



### Atmosphere Scattering

- [Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering](https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00288758/document)

- [Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering: a New Implementation](https://ebruneton.github.io/precomputed_atmospheric_scattering/)



### Grass Rendering

- [Responsive Real-Time Grass Rendering for General 3D Scenes](https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2017/JAHRMANN-2017-RRTG/JAHRMANN-2017-RRTG-draft.pdf)

- [Procedural grass rendering - Outerra](https://outerra.blogspot.com/2012/05/procedural-grass-rendering.html) - Is an inspiration of the following talk

- 🎥 [Procedural Grass in 'Ghost of Tsushima'](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ibe1JBF5i5Y)



## PBR

See also [Assets/Materials](#materials) for PBR materials

- [Physically Based Rendering in Filament](https://google.github.io/filament/Filament.html)

- [PBR - Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/PBR/Theory)

- [Everything (or most things) wrong with learnopengl.com/PBR/Theory](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZLT1-fIek2JkErN9ZPByeac02nWipMbO89oCW2jxzXo/edit)

- [Real Shading in Unreal Engine 4](https://cdn2.unrealengine.com/Resources/files/2013SiggraphPresentationsNotes-26915738.pdf) - discusses the PBR model adopted by Epic Games in their 4th Unreal Engine installment. A large part of Learn OpenGL PBR chapter is adapted from this source

- [Crash Course in BRDF Implementation](https://boksajak.github.io/files/CrashCourseBRDF.pdf)

- [Physically Based Shading at Disney](https://blog.selfshadow.com/publications/s2012-shading-course/burley/s2012_pbs_disney_brdf_notes_v3.pdf)

- [Deriving Lambertian BRDF from first principles](https://sakibsaikia.github.io/graphics/2019/09/10/Deriving-Lambertian-BRDF-From-First-Principles.html)



- [Basics of physically-based rendering](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262326548_Basics_of_physically-based_rendering)

## Textures

### Mipmapping

- [Pyramidal Parametrics](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15869-f11/www/readings/williams83_mipmap.pdf) - The original Mipmap paper.



### Texture Compression

- [Understanding BCn Texture Compression Formats](https://www.reedbeta.com/blog/understanding-bcn-texture-compression-formats/) - describes a family of lossy hardware-based texture compression formats called BCn



### Texture Bombing

- [GPU Gems Chapter 20. Texture Bombing](https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/gpugems/part-iii-materials/chapter-20-texture-bombing)

- [Texture bombing 3 samples](https://www.shadertoy.com/view/4tyGWK) - a shader from Inigo Quilez (modified by huwb) that shows how to perform the GPU Gems technique using 3 texture samples instead of 4! 

- [On Histogram-Preserving Blending for Randomized Texture Tiling](https://jcgt.org/published/0008/04/02/) - attempts to resolve artifacts you get when blending two textures together (also only using 3 texture samples, plus a lookup table per texture



## Shader Programming

- [The Book of Shaders](https://thebookofshaders.com/)

- [shadertoy smoothstep demo](https://www.shadertoy.com/view/sdyGRW)

- [Shader Derivative Functions](http://www.aclockworkberry.com/shader-derivative-functions/) - Useful for normals.

- [How to read shader assembly](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2021/04/18/how-to-read-shader-assembly/)

- [ShaderToy Advanced Tricks](https://shadertoyunofficial.wordpress.com/2021/03/09/advanced-tricks/) 



## Compute

### Introduction to compute shader

- [Introduction to Compute Shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/intro-to-compute-shaders/)

- [More Compute Shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/more-compute-shaders/)

- [Even more Compute Shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/even-more-compute-shaders/)

- [Compute Shader Glossary](https://github.com/googlefonts/compute-shader-101/blob/main/docs/glossary.md)



### GPU Architecture

- 🎥 [CIS 565 GPU Programming and Architecture](http://cis565-fall-2021.github.io/) - A course that introduce parallel programming with a Computer Graphics flavor.

- [Gentle introduction to GPUs inner workings](https://vksegfault.github.io/posts/gentle-intro-gpu-inner-workings/) - This article summarizes some lower-level aspects of how GPU executes. It uses the Vulkan API terminology, but the concept is largely platform-independent.

- [GCN – two ways of latency hiding and wave occupancy](https://bartwronski.com/2014/03/27/gcn-two-ways-of-latency-hiding-and-wave-occupancy/)

- [Breaking Down Barriers](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/breaking-down-barriers-part-1-whats-a-barrier/)

- [How does a GPU Shader work?](https://aras-p.info/texts/files/2018Academy%20-%20GPU.pdf)

- [Compute Shaders: Optimize your engine using compute / Lou Kramer, AMD](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DLOJPSxJEg) 



- [RDNA Architecture Whitepaper](https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/rdna-whitepaper.pdf)

- [AMU RDNA2 Performance guide](https://gpuopen.com/performance/)

- [The Peak-Performance-Percentage Analysis Method for Optimizing Any GPU Workload](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/the-peak-performance-analysis-method-for-optimizing-any-gpu-workload/)

- [[video] All the Pipelines - Journey through the GPU](https://gpuopen.com/videos/graphics-pipeline/)



### Parallel Algorithms

- [Parallel Prefix Sum (Scan) with CUDA](http://www.eecs.umich.edu/courses/eecs570/hw/parprefix.pdf)

- [Thinking Parallel, Part I: Collision Detection on the GPU](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/thinking-parallel-part-i-collision-detection-gpu/)

- [Thinking Parallel, Part II: Tree Traversal on the GPU](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/thinking-parallel-part-ii-tree-traversal-gpu/)

- [Thinking Parallel, Part III: Tree Construction on the GPU](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/thinking-parallel-part-iii-tree-construction-gpu/)



### Atomics

- [CUDA Pro Tip: Optimized Filtering with Warp-Aggregated Atomics](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/cuda-pro-tip-optimized-filtering-warp-aggregated-atomics/)



## Color, HDR, and Tone Mapping

- [Supporting Native HDR Monitors - OurMachinery](https://ruby0x1.github.io/machinery_blog_archive/post/supporting-native-hdr-monitors/index.html)

- [Introduction to Color Theory for Games, Art and Tech - Shahriar Shahrabi](https://shahriyarshahrabi.medium.com/introduction-to-color-theory-for-games-art-and-tech-67bd4c8607d7)

- [Tone Mapping](https://64.github.io/tonemapping/) - Introduces the theory of Tone Mapping and talks about some commonly used Tone Mapping Operators



## Sampling and anti-aliasing

See also [Ray Tracing/Sampling & Variance Reduction](#sampling--variance-reduction)

- [A Pixel is not a Little Square!](http://alvyray.com/Memos/CG/Microsoft/6_pixel.pdf) - Classic paper on misconception of "a pixel is a little square." It also serves as an introduction to sampling.

- [Basics of Image Resampling](https://entropymine.com/imageworsener/resample/)

- [Computing the Discrepancy with Applications to Supersampling Patterns](http://mentallandscape.com/Papers_tog96.pdf)

- [Generating Antialiased Images at Low Sampling Densities](http://mentallandscape.com/Papers_siggraph87.pdf)

- [Temporal Anti Aliasing – Step by Step](https://ziyadbarakat.wordpress.com/2020/07/28/temporal-anti-aliasing-step-by-step/)

- [The Accumulation Buffer: Hardware Support for High-Quality Rendering (SIGGRAPH 1990)](https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs248-02/haeberli-akeley-accumulation-buffer-sig90.pdf)



## Animation

- [Learn OpenGL: Skeletal Animation](https://learnopengl.com/Guest-Articles/2020/Skeletal-Animation)

- 🎥 [Animation Programming Basics](https://youtu.be/Jkv0pbp0ckQ)

- 🎥 [Animation Graphs](https://youtu.be/R-T3Mk5oDHI)

- [Skeletal animation in glTF](https://lisyarus.github.io/blog/graphics/2023/07/03/gltf-animation.html)



## Geometry

### Geometry representations

- 🎥 [Lecture 10: Meshes and Manifolds (CMU 15-462/662)](https://youtu.be/HePDHsp8spU) - Great overview, and also spend significant time on the half-edge data structure



### Iso-surface methods

- [Interactive explanation of marching cubes and dual contouring](https://wordsandbuttons.online/interactive_explanation_of_marching_cubes_and_dual_contouring.html)

- [Polygonising a scalar field (Marching Cubes)](http://paulbourke.net/geometry/polygonise/)

- [Dual Contouring Tutorial](https://www.boristhebrave.com/2018/04/15/dual-contouring-tutorial/)

- [The Transvoxel Algorithm](https://transvoxel.org/)



### Libraries

- [Geometry Central](https://geometry-central.net/) - A modern C++ library of data structures and algorithms for geometry processing, with a particular focus on surface meshes.



## Physics and Simulation

### Physics-Based Animation

- 🎥 [SIGGRAPH University 2019 Course - An Introduction to Physics-Based Animation](https://youtu.be/b_WJ-HwalwU) - A three-hour fast-paced introduction to Physics-Based Animation

- 🎥 [CSC417/CSC2549-Physics-based Animation Fall 2021](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTkE7n2CwG_PH09_q0Q7ttjqE2F9yGeM3) - Introductory lecture for a course in physics-based animation.



### Attractors

- [Strange Attractors on the GPU series](https://observablehq.com/@rreusser/strange-attractors-on-the-gpu-part-1?collection=@rreusser/writeups)



### Optics

- [Make Your Bokeh Fascinating + related SIGGRAPH 2015 Course](https://research.tri-ace.com/s2015.html) + [Video Recordings](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2776880.2792715)



## APIs

### Ray Tracing API

- [The RTX Shader Binding Table Three Ways](https://www.willusher.io/graphics/2019/11/20/the-sbt-three-ways) - Talks about shader binding table with RX12, Vulkan, and Optix

- Chapter 15 "The Shader Binding Table Demystified" of [Ray Tracing Gems II](https://www.realtimerendering.com/raytracinggems/rtg2/index.html) - An extension for the above article



### OpenGL

- [docs.gl](http://docs.gl/) - OpenGL API Documentation.

- [GLConstantsTranslator](https://javagl.github.io/GLConstantsTranslator/GLConstantsTranslator.html) - This page has the names of most OpenGL constants with their respective decimal and hex values. It is useful when certain functions return GL constants.



#### Tutorials

- [Learn OpenGL](https://learnopengl.com/) - The highly recommended tutorial.



#### Meta-links

- [Awesome OpenGL](https://project-awesome.org/eug/awesome-opengl) - Curated List for OpenGL.



#### Best Practices

- [Using Modern OpenGL to Avoid Common Errors](https://juandiegomontoya.github.io/modern_opengl.html) - Talks about using features of post-4.2 OpenGL



### Vulkan

- [Spec](https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.2-extensions/html/index.html) - It is a good idea to keep it open while doing Vulkan Programming.

#### Tutorials

- [Vulkan Guide](https://vkguide.dev/) - The best "Vulkan Tutorial" available.

- 🎥 [TU Wien: Vulkan Lecture Series](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmIqTlJ6KsE1Jx5HV4sd2jOe3V1KMHHgn)

- [vk_mini_path_tracer tutorial](https://github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_mini_path_tracer) - A relatively small tutorial that focuses on path tracing using Vulkan's ray tracing API.

- [3D Graphics Rendering Cookbook](https://www.amazon.com/Graphics-Rendering-Cookbook-comprehensive-algorithms/dp/1838986197)



#### Meta-links

- [Awesome Vulkan](https://github.com/vinjn/awesome-vulkan)

- [Great Resources - Vulkan Guide](https://vkguide.dev/docs/great_resources)



#### Swapchain & frame resources

- [API without Secrets: The Practical Approach to Vulkan* - Part 1](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/training/practical-approach-to-vulkan-part-1.html) (there is no part 2)



#### Renderpass & Dynamic Rendering

- [VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering tutorial](https://lesleylai.info/en/vk-khr-dynamic-rendering/) - A tutorial to Vulkan's dynamic rendering extension

- [Khronos: Streamlining Render Passes](https://www.khronos.org/blog/streamlining-render-passes) - Introduces the [VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering](https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering.html) extension.



#### Bindless/Descriptor indexing

- 🎥 [Khronos Talk on Descriptor Indexing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXipcoeuNh4)

- [Vulkan Descriptor Indexing for Mobile](https://community.arm.com/developer/tools-software/graphics/b/blog/posts/vulkan-descriptor-indexing)

- [OurMachinery's Moving The Machinery to Bindless](https://ruby0x1.github.io/machinery_blog_archive/post/moving-the-machinery-to-bindless/index.html)

- [Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors](https://wickedengine.net/2021/04/06/bindless-descriptors/)

- [DethRaid's Vulkan Descriptor Indexing](https://gist.github.com/DethRaid/0171f3cfcce51950ee4ef96c64f59617)

- [A note on Descriptor Indexing](https://chunkstories.xyz/blog/a-note-on-descriptor-indexing/)

- [Vulkan Pills 1: Bindless Textures](https://jorenjoestar.github.io/post/vulkan_bindless_texture/)



#### Synchronization

- [TheMaister's Yet another blog explaining Vulkan synchronization](https://themaister.net/blog/2019/08/14/yet-another-blog-explaining-vulkan-synchronization/)

- [Understanding Vulkan Synchronization](https://www.khronos.org/blog/understanding-vulkan-synchronization)

- [Vulkan Timeline Semaphores](https://www.khronos.org/blog/vulkan-timeline-semaphores)



#### Vulkan Compute

- [A simple Vulkan Compute example](https://www.duskborn.com/posts/a-simple-vulkan-compute-example/)

- [Vulkan Subgroup tutorial. AKA wavefronts](https://www.khronos.org/blog/vulkan-subgroup-tutorial)



#### Libraries

- [vk-bootstrap](https://github.com/charles-lunarg/vk-bootstrap) - Library that simplifies the Vulkan initialization boilerplate.

- [VulkanMemoryAllocator](https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/VulkanMemoryAllocator) - Memory allocation library that simplifies Vulkan memory allocation and provides decent performance.

- [volk](https://github.com/zeux/volk) - Meta-loader for Vulkan that allows you to dynamically load entry points required to use Vulkan. It also simplifies the use of Vulkan extensions.

- [SPIRV-Reflect](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Reflect) - Can be used to extract descriptors and push constant information from SPIRV.



#### Performance Best Practice

- [Writing an efficient Vulkan renderer](https://zeux.io/2020/02/27/writing-an-efficient-vulkan-renderer/)



#### Others

- [Vulkan Diagram](https://github.com/David-DiGioia/vulkan-diagrams)



### DirectX 12

- [Reader Question Answered 1 - Learning D3D12](https://www.jendrikillner.com/post/d3d12-learning-plan/) - A roadmap for learning DirectX 12

- [Raw DirectX 12](https://alain.xyz/blog/raw-directx12) - An introduction to writing a simple Hello Triangle DirectX 12 application.

- [Learning DirectX 12](https://www.3dgep.com/learning-directx-12-1/)

- [Direct3D 12 programming guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/directx-12-programming-guide)



#### Resource Binding & Bindless

- [Resource Binding - Direct3D 12 Programming Guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/resource-binding)

- [Bindless Texturing for Deferred Rendering and Decals](https://mynameismjp.wordpress.com/2016/03/25/bindless-texturing-for-deferred-rendering-and-decals/)

- [Binding Bindlessly](https://alextardif.com/Bindless.html)

- [Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors](https://wickedengine.net/2021/04/06/bindless-descriptors/)



### WebGL

- [Awesome WebGL](https://project-awesome.org/sjfricke/awesome-webgl)



### WebGPU

- [Spec](https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/)

#### Tutorials

- [Learn wgpu](https://sotrh.github.io/learn-wgpu/) - Tutorial of WebGPU API using Rust and the wgpu library.



## System Design

### Renderer Architecture

- 🎥 [SIGGRAPH 2021 REAC: Unity Rendering Architecture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LzcXPIWUbc)

- [Efficiently rendering glTF models](https://toji.github.io/webgpu-gltf-case-study/) - A case study on how to design a renderer under modern graphics APIs that can take diverse input



### GPU-driven rendering

- [GPU Driven Rendering - Siggraph 2015](http://advances.realtimerendering.com/s2015/aaltonenhaar_siggraph2015_combined_final_footer_220dpi.pdf)



## Scene Description

- [Siggraph 2019 Hydra](https://graphics.pixar.com/usd/files/Siggraph2019_Hydra.pdf) - Presentation slides for Hydra, which is an open-source framework to transport live scene graph data to renderers.



## General Programming

### Meta-links

- [Awesome C](https://project-awesome.org/inputsh/awesome-c#game-programming)

- [Awesome C++](https://project-awesome.org/fffaraz/awesome-cpp)

- [Awesome Rust](https://github.com/rust-unofficial/awesome-rust)

### Engine Development

- [Game Engine Architecture](https://www.gameenginebook.com/) (paid book)

- [The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 1: How Did We Get Here?](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/shader-permutations-part1/)

- [The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 2: How Do We Fix It?](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/shader-permutations-part2/)

### Performance Optimization

- [Algorithms for Modern Hardware](https://en.algorithmica.org/hpc/) - This book contains great info on getting the best performance by looking at the actual hardware.

### High-level Programming

- [Game Programming Patterns](http://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/)

### Game loop

- [Game Loop - Game Programming Patterns](http://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/game-loop.html)

- [Fix Your Timestep!](https://gafferongames.com/post/fix_your_timestep/)

- Chapter 8 "The Game Loop and Real-Time Simulation" of Game Engine Architecture



### Floating-point numbers

- [Onboarding floating-point](https://www.altdevarts.com/p/onboarding-floating-point) - A series about floating-point numbers by Mike Acton

- [Floating-point in mobile shaders](https://solidpixel.github.io/2021/11/23/floats_in_shaders.html)



### Memory Allocation & Management

- [Memory Allocation Strategies series](https://www.gingerbill.org/series/memory-allocation-strategies/)

- [Memory Management section on Pbrt](https://www.pbr-book.org/3ed-2018/Utilities/Memory_Management)

- The Memory chapter of Game Engine Architecture

- [Object Pool](http://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/object-pool.html) chapter of Game Programming Pattern.

- 🎥 CppCon 2017: John Lakos “Local ('Arena') Memory Allocators” [[Part1]](https://youtu.be/nZNd5FjSquk) [[Part2]](https://youtu.be/CFzuFNSpycI)

- 🎥 [CppCon 2017: Bob Steagall “How to Write a Custom Allocator”](https://youtu.be/kSWfushlvB8)



## Tools/libraries



### Debuggers

- [RenderDoc](https://renderdoc.org/)

- [Nvidia Nsight Graphics](https://developer.nvidia.com/nsight-graphics)

- [Radeon™ GPU Profiler (AMD)](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Tools/radeon_gpu_profiler)

- [Intel® GPA](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/graphics-performance-analyzers/overview.html)

- [SpectorJS (WebGL)](https://github.com/BabylonJS/Spector.js)



### Profilers

A bunch of graphics debuggers above also have profiling capabilities.

- [Optick: C++ Profiler For Games](https://github.com/bombomby/optick)

- [Tracy Profiler](https://github.com/wolfpld/tracy)

- [Dear Imgui profiler widget](https://github.com/Raikiri/LegitProfiler)



### Denoiser

- [Optix Denoiser](https://developer.nvidia.com/optix-denoiser)

- [FidelityFX-Denoiser](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Effects/FidelityFX-Denoiser)

- [Open Image AI Denoiser](https://github.com/OpenImageDenoise/oidn)



## Assets

### Polygonal Model & Scene

- [McGuire Computer Graphics Archive](http://casual-effects.com/data/index.html) - OBJ format scenes.

- [ORCA: Open Research Content Archive](https://developer.nvidia.com/orca) - Free large graphics scene samples.

- [Rendering Resources - Benedikt Bitterli](https://benedikt-bitterli.me/resources/) - Scenes in Tungsten, Mitsuba, and pbrt-v3 formats.

- [NASA 3D Resources](https://nasa3d.arc.nasa.gov/models/) - Some assets of satellites, celestial bodies, etc. Various formats.

- [Three Dimensional Scans](https://threedscans.com/) - some three-dimensional scans of animals and statues.

- [Stanford 3D Scanning Repository](http://graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Dscanrep/) - a bunch of scanned reconstructions

- [The Base Mesh](https://thebasemesh.com/) - CC0 mesh collection

- [PolyHaven](https://polyhaven.com/) - Public 3d asset library, also CC0

- [MIT CSAIL Sample OBJ Models](https://groups.csail.mit.edu/graphics/classes/6.837/F03/models/) - A couple of models provided by MIT

- [Intel Sponza and Graphics Research Samples Library](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/topic-technology/graphics-research/samples.html) - Intel's revamped high-resolution Sponza model and a couple of related pieces

- [KhronosGroup glTF Sample Models](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Models)

- [Quaternius Free Game Assets](https://quaternius.com/tutorials.html) - Low poly models, CC0



### Materials

- [ambientCG](https://ambientcg.com/) - Public Domain materials for Physically Based Rendering.

- [Physically Based](https://physicallybased.info/) - A database of physically based values for CG artists



### Voxel Data

- [TU Wien Volume Data](https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2005/dataset-stagbeetle/) - Listed in their collection of publications.

- [Open Scientific Visualization Datasets](https://klacansky.com/open-scivis-datasets/) - Large collection of CT scans of various objects.

- [Stanford Volume Archive](https://www-graphics.stanford.edu/data/voldata/) - Several volume datasets (CT/MRI).

- [MorphoSource](https://www.morphosource.org) - Enormous library of 2D and 3D data, mesh and voxel, of biological samples and cultural objects.

- [Osirix MANIX and other test DICOMs](https://www.osirix-viewer.com/resources/dicom-image-library/)